CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION, 


SANTA  FE,  NEW  MEXICO. 


JULY  4 1876. 


CENTENNIAL  HISTORICAL  ORATION  BY 

EX-GOVERNOR  W. F.  M.  ARN  Y, 

“ Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico — The  Oldest  City  in  North  America,” 


'o;i8$  nnd  jf mtimmte 


RESPONSES  BY 

CEN.  H.  M.  ATKINSON, 

HON.  JOHN  PRATT, 

CEN.  EDWARD  HATCH, 

HON.  T.  B.  CATRON, 

E.  A.  FISKE,  ESQ., 

C.  H.  CILDERSLEEVE,  ESQ, 


CENTENNIAL  POEM, 

BY  A.  Z.  HUGGINS,  ESQ. 


SANTA  FE,  NEW  MEXICO: 

Williams  & Shaw,  Printers. 

1876. 


riw 


OPENING  REMARKS 

BY 

GEN.  JAMES  K.  PROUDFIT, 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  DAY. 

o 

T is  only  once  in  a hundred  years  ! This  is,  indeed,  the  only 
time  in  the  history  of  the  human  race  that  the  citizens  of  a 
real  republic,  founded  upon  democratic  ideas,  and  controlled 
by  free  people,  untrammelled  and  uncontaminated  by  the  idea  of  the 
divine  right  of  kings,  or  fear  of  the  iron  hand  of  unrighteous  power, 
have  met  together  in  peace  and  joy  to  commemorate,  with  fitting  display, 
and  pomp,  and  ceremony,  the  fact  that  one  hundred  years  of  the  life  of 
a republic  has  been  accomplished.  The  so-called  republics  of  ancient 
history  were  not  governments,  “ of  the  people,  by  the  people,  and  for 
the  people.”  They  were  monarchies  in  essence  and  in  substance,  and 
important  changes  came  over  them  all  more  than  once  in  a hundred  years. 
It  is  also  thus  with  all  the  republics  of  to-day,  except  this  mighty 
nation.  We  can  now  proudly  say  that  not  one  gem  has  been  lost  from 
the  diadem  of  freedom  in  one  hundred  years. 

It  is  a fact  that  no  nation  has  ever  had  a perfect  history  except  the 
United  States  of  America.  From  the  time  of  the  landing  of  the  Cava- 
liers on  James  River,  the  Puritans  on  Plymouth  Rock,  the  Swedes  on 
the  Delaware,  the  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  the  Quakers  on  the 
Schuylkill,  the  Huguenots  on  the  Ashley,  the  Catholics  on  the  Chesa- 
peake, the  Spaniards  in  Florida,  the  French  in  Louisiana,  the  Russians 
in  Alaska,  and  the  explorations  of  Coronada  in  New  Mexico,  our  history 
is  written,  recorded  and  known  of  all  men.  This  is  not  true  of  any 
other  land  on  God’s  green  earth.  The  origin  and  history  of  all  the 
nations  of  the  old  world  are  shrouded  in  mystery  and  tradition ; and 


9 


from  Caezar  to  Bonaparte,  every  human  beast  of  prey  has  so  torn  the 
vitals  of  history,  and  so  stained  its  pages  with  rapine  and  blood,  that  the 
student  of  to-day  turns  from  it  with  feelings  of  doubt  and  horror. 

From  a confederacy  of  weak  communities,  without  coherence  or 
central  power ; with  few  of  the  elements  of  real  strength ; by  bravery 
in  war ; by  energy  in  peace  ; by  wisdom  in  council ; by  the  influences 
of  freedom  and  civilization,  we  have  extended  an  empire  from  sea  to 
sea — more  powerful  than  Imperial  Borne  in  her  best  estate — a sanctu- 
ary for  all  the  peoples,  a menace  to  none. 

From  fruitful  vale,  from  green  hillside,  from  city  spire  and  moun- 
tain peak,  our  voices  rise  to-day  in  glad  acclaim,  and  honest  pride. 

May  peace  and  joy  be  with  us  all,  and  all  the  earth,  for  many  a 
hundred  years. 


HYMN. 


July  4th,  A,  B 


B3 r 525. 

Tune:  “OLD  HUNDRED/’ 

In  thanks  to  Him  who  rules  above, 

Let  every  heart  with  fervor  glow — 
Our  land  recalls  in  pride  and  love 
Its  birth  one  hundred  years  ago. 

Columbia,  among  the  free, 

Stands  forth  a people  true  and  great, 
And  other  nations  bend  the  knee 
In  homage  to  her  high  estate. 


3 


From  sea  to  sea,  o'er  mountains,  hills, 

Her  grand  dominion  has  its  sway, 

Thir  warming  breeze  her  banner  fills, 

And  peace  and  union  rule  the  day. 

So  let  us  pledge  our  hearts  anew, 

Let  hands  join  hands  from  shore  to  shore ; 
Fresh  honors  on  our  altars  strew, 

And  freedom  thrive  for  evermore. 


DELIVERED  AT  SANTA  EE,  NEW  MEXICO, 


BY 


EX-GOV.  -WA  IF1. 

In  conformity  with  the  following  Proclamation  of  President  U.  S. 

Grant,  to  wit : 

“ PROCLAMATION. 

“ Whereas  a joint  resolution  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives was  duly  approved  on  the  13th  day  of  March  last,  which 
resolution  is  as  follows  : 

“ Be  it  resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled , That  it  be 
and  is  hereby  recommended  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives to  the  people  of  the  several  States,  that  they  assemble  in  their 
several  Counties  or  Towns  on  the  approaching  Centennial  Anniversary 
of  our  National  Independence,  and  that  they  cause  to  have  delivered 
on  such  day  a historical  sketch  of  said  County  or  Town  from  its 
formation,  that  a copy  may  be  filed,  in  print  or  manuscript,  in  the 
clerk’s  office  in  said  County,  and  an  additional  copy,  in  print  or  man- 
uscript, be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  librarian  of  Congress,  to  the  intent 
that  a complete  record  may  be  obtained  of  the  progress  of  our  insti- 
tutions during  the  first  century  of  their  existence.” 


4 


“ And  whereas,  it  is  deemed  proper  that  such  recommendation 
be  brought  to  the  notice  and  knowledge  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  now,  therefore,  I,  U.  S.  Grant,  President  of  the  United  States, 
do  hereby  declare  and  make  known  the  same  in  the  hope  that  the 
object  of  such  resolution  may  meet  the  approval  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  proper  steps  may  be  taken  to  carry  it  into 
effect.  Given  under  my  hand  at  the  City  of  Washington  this  25th 
day  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1876,  and  of  the  Independence 
of  the  United  States,  the  one  hundreth. 

U.  S.  Grant. 

Hamilton  Fish,  Secretary  of  State.” 

HAVE  been  honored  by  the  good  people  of  this  City  and 
County  to  act  as  the  orator  in  English  on  this  very  interes- 
ting day  which  commemorates  the  one  hundreth  anniversary 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America.  And  in  en- 
deavoring fitly  to  celebrate  this  immortal  day,  it  surely  becomes  us  to 
express  our  grateful  thanks  to  God,  the  Father,  Proprietor  and  Boun- 
tiful Benefactor  of  the  whole  creation,  who  by  His  word  and  power 
called  into  existence  the  universe,  of  which  this  Terraqueous  is  a 
component  part.  He  adorned  and  decorated  it  with  everything 
gratifying  to  the  eye  and  pleasing  to  the  taste  of  man,  whom  “He 
created  both  male  and  female,”  and  placed  in  Paradise — the  garden 
of  delights — with  the  injunction  to  multiply  and  replenish  the  earth. 

Omnipotent  is  the  word  of  God ! He  spake  and  the  world 
was  made  ! “ Let  there  he  light”  He  said,  “ and  light  there  was  ! ” 

He  uttered  His  voice  and  from  darkness  light  was  born ; from  chaos 
order  sprang;  and  from  an  inert  mass  of  lifeless  matter  animated 
beings  of  ten  thousand  ranks  and  orders  stood  forth  in  life  trium- 
phant. Thus  came  the  universe  from  the  command  of  God.  But 
how  gradual  and  progressive  was  the  development  of  the  wisdom 
power  and  goodness  of  the  almighty  Maker ! Light  was  the  first- 
born ; next,  the  aerial  expanse  called  heaven  ; then  the  water  heard 
His  voice,  and  of  the  terraqueous  globe  this  element  first  felt  the 
impulse  of  all  creating  energy.  It  was  congregated  into  its  aerial  and 
terrestrial  chambers.  Naked  from  the  womb  of  waters  the  earth  appear- 
ed. The  new-born  earth  God  clothed  with  verdure,  with  all  the  charms 
of  vegetable  beauty,  and  gave  to  its  apparel  a conservative  principle, 


5 

a reproducing  power.  Light  was  itself  chaotic  until  the  fourth  day. 
No  luminaries  garnished  the  firmament  until  the  week  of  creation  was 
more  than  half  expired.  It  was  then  the  sun,  moon  and  stars  were 
lighted  up.  by  “ the  Great  Father  of  Lights.” 

“ Bespangled  with  those  isles  of  light — 

So  wildly  spiritually  bright.” 

Yet  how  few  can  with  truth  exclaim 

11  Whoever  gazed  upon  them  shining 

And  turned  to  earth  without  repining, 

Nor  wished  for  wings  to  flee  away 

And  mix  with  their  eternal  ray  ? ” 

Until  the  earth  was  born  of  water,  no  sun  beamed  in  heaven,  no 
ray  of  celestial  light  shone  upon  its  face  ; for  no  life  was  in  the  earth 
until  the  sun  beamed  upon  it.  Then  were  the  waters  peopled,  and  from 
them  came  forth  the  inhabitants  of  the  air.  In  the  dominion  of 
this  wonderful  element  life  was  first  conceived  and  exhibited. 

The  race  of  earth-borns,  creatures  of  a grosser  habit,  did  not  hear 
the  voice  of  G-od  until  the  sixth  day.  On  that  day  they  obeyed  the 
command  of  God  and  stepped  forth  into  life.  Then  the  Almighty 
changed  His  style.  Till  then  His  commands  were  all  addressed  in  the 
third  person  ; “ Let  there  hef  was  the  preamble,  “ and  there  was,”  was 
the  conclusion.  But  now,  “ Let  us  make  man,”  and  “ Let  us  make  him 
after  another  model.”  The  only  being  made  after  a model  was  man  ; 
all  other  creatures  were  originals.  Towards  Him  if  any  creature  ap- 
proached in  any  one  similitude,  it  was  in  anticipation.  Man  steps  forth 
into  life  in  the  image  of  his  Maker,  and  found  himself  the  youngest 
child  of  the  universe  ; the  darling  of  his  Father  and  his  God.  Here 
the  chapter  of  creation  closes,  and  man  has  the  last  period. 

Such  was  the  value  stamped  on  man  by  his  Creator.  A world  is 
made  and  peopled  for  him  ; a palace  reared,  furnished,  and  decorated 
for  his  abode.  The  Great  Architect  plans  and  executes  the  edifice  and 
then  introduces  to  its  richest  apartment  the  favorite  of  His  creation. 

’Tis  here  we  are  taught  the  science  ; ’tis  here  we  learn  the  num- 
bers, which,  when  combined  with  wisdom,  tell  of  how  much  account 
we  are. 

On  man  thus  valued,  dignified,  and  honored  by  his  Maker,  a 
lordship  is  conferred.  Over  all  that  swims,  that  flies,  or  that  moves 

6 

upon  the  earth,  his  dominion  extends.  The  crown  placed  upon  his 
head  had  attractions  which  angels  saw,  and  charms  which  angels  felt. 
Man  thus  placed  in  Eden  with  his  Eve — from  his  side  and  by  his 
side — having  all  its  fruits,  and  flowers,  and  sweets,  and  charms  under 
his  control,  with  the  smallest  reservation  in  favor  of  the  Absolute 
Sovereign  of  the  universe,  having,  too,  the  whole  earth,  from  Eden’s 
flowery  banks  to  both  the  poles,  subject  to  His  will — becomes  the 
most  enviable  object  in  all  the  great  empire  of  the  universe.  From 
this  creation  proceeded  the  entire  inhabitants  of  the  world,  who  were 
filed  off  into  small  groups  called  tribe, s,  and  the  first  effort  to  resist 
this  arrangement  was  avenged  with  the  confusion  of  human  speech 
which  made  a dispersion  unavoidable. 

Patriarchs  and  princes  over  these  small  detachments  of  human 
beings,  called  nations , wielded  the  scepter  for  nearly  a thousand  years 
without  any  remarkable  incident.  Cities,  towns,  and  palaces  were 
reared  and  ruined  during  the  interval  from  the  Deluge  to  the  coming 
of  the  Messiah  the  Prince  of  Peace,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
seventy-six  years  ago,  since  which  tribes  have  grown  into  Nations, 
Nations  into  Empires  and  Kingdoms ; of  these  the  present  assemblage 
are  mostly  the  descendants  of  the  sons  of  Brittania  and  of  Spain — 
the  sons  of  whom  first  discovered  America  in  the  year  1492,  under 
Columbus,  who  described  the  natives  of  the  coast  in  a letter  to  the 
sovereigns  who  sent  him  on  his  explorations,  as  follows : 

“ So  loving,  so  tractible,  so  peaceable  are  these  people  that  I de- 
clare to  your  majesties  that  there  is  not  in  this  world  a better  nation  or  a 
better  land.  They  love  their  neighbors  as  themselves ; their  discourse 
is  ever  sweet,  gentle  and  accompanied  with  a smile,  and  though  it  is  true 
that  they  are  naked,  yet  their  manners  were  decorous  and  praiseworthy.” 

This  was  the  condition  of  the  people  of  Florida  previous  to  the 
founding  of  San  Augustine  there,  in  the  year  1565,  the  natives  were 
nomadic  and  had  no  towns. 

Where  we  now  stand  in  the  city  of  Santa  Fe  there  was  a town 
according  to  tradition  and  to  records  four  hundred  years  ago,  which 
dates  previous  to  the  establishment  of  San  Augustine,  and  previous 
to  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  on  Plymouth  Rock.  The  evidence 
of  this  is  found  not  only  in  the  ruins  of  a vast  city  which  was  found 



i 


in  existence  in  the  time  of  Cabeza  de  Baca  and  Coronado.  One  of 
the  old  Indian  houses  stands  in  sight  of  us  on  the  bank  of  the  Santa 
Fe  River,  near  by  the  old  San  Miguel  Church. 

There  stands  in  full  view  of  my  audience  the  Governor’s  Palace, 
erected  previous  to  the  year  1581,  and  built  from  material  of  the 
old  Indian  town.  In  regard  to  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  these 
Indians  in  towns  there  is  extant  a royal  decree  in  Spanish  of  Emperor 
Charles  Y,  dated  at  Cigales,  March  21st,  1551,  containing  the  state- 
ment that  by  an  order  of  the  Emperor  given  in  1546,  the  prelates  of 
New  Spain  convened  for  the  purpose,  had  resolved  that  the  Indians 
should  be  brought  into  the  settlements. 

Philip  II  in  consequence  of  the  intention  of  Emperor  Charles, 
published  a statute  on  the  founding  of  settlements.  “ It  was  the 
royal  decree  designed  to  protect  the  Pueblo  Indians,  and  to  provide 
for  the  settlement  of  others  at  that  time  not  living  in  towns. 

A number  of  the  descendants  of  these  Indians  are  before  us 
from  the  towns  of  Tesuque,  Nambe,  San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  whose 
history  and  appearance  indicate  their  honesty  and  native  intelligence. 
They  are  to-day  in  our  Centennial  celebration  the  descendants  and 
representatives  of  the  people  who  occupied  Santa  Fe  and  other 
towns  in  its  vicinity,  more  than  400  years  ago. 

The  question  as  to  whether  the  Pueblo  Indians  were  found  living 
in  towns,  or  thus  settled  by  the  early  conquerors,  is  clearly  settled  by 
Cabeza  de  Baca  and  Coronado,  who  are  the  earliest  authorities  upon  the 
history  of  this  country.  They  found  these  Indians  living  in  towns 
many  of  which  were  described  as  cities  by  them,  and  especially  the 
Pueblo  city  with  its  many  thousand  inhabitants  where  we  now  stand, 
and  from  which  sprang  the  Spanish  city  of  Santa  Fe — the  “City  of 
the  Holy  Faith” — the  Capital  of  New  Mexico. 

At  the  time  of  the  first  Indian  revolution  against  the  Spanish 
rule  some  of  their  towns  were  destroyed.  Some  were  rebuilt  on 
new  sites.  These  were  the  only  towns  whose  settlements  were  made 
after  the  date  of  the  Conquest.  From  Castaneda’s  description  in 
1540  these  Indians  were  found  living  in  towns,  and  the  city  of  Indians 
where  Santa  Fe  now  stands  was  then  a prosperous  Indian  city,  and 
so  far  as  the  decree  in -question  relates  to  our  city  of  Santa  Fe  and 


8 


other  towns,  the  object  was  to  protect  their  rights  from  encroachment 
and  imposition. 

Previous  to  1583  the  Pueblo  Indians  rebelled  against  the  Spanish 
Government  and  drove  from  the  country  the  Spanish  settlers  and 
priests  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  we  have  an  account  in 
Spanish  of  an  expedition  by  Espejo  in  that  year  in  which  a portion 
of  the  country  was  again  conquered,  and  the  Indians  compelled  to 
work  in  the  mines. 

In  1 680  the  Pueblo  Indians  rebelled  for  the  second  time  against 
the  Spaniards,  and  the  historian  tells  us  u they  drove  the  Spaniards 
and  priests  from  the  country,  and  again  established  their  own  gov- 
ernment and  religious  worship.” 

On  the  5th  of  November,  1681,  Governor  Otermin  unfurled  his 
banner  and  marched  with  an  army  to  conquer  New  Mexico,  in  which 
he  failed.  In  1692  the  Spaniards  succeeded  in  re-conquering  New 
Mexico,  and  again  took  Santa  Fe.  There  is,  in  the  office  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  this  Territory,  three  documents  in  Spanish  which  would  make 
over  a hundred  pages  of  printed  matter,  dated  1693  and  1694,  which 
give  a full  account  of  the  conquest  of  Santa  Fe  by  the  Spaniards,  its 
re-conquest  by  the  Indians,  and  its  re-conquest  again  by  the  Spaniards. 

With  the  acquisition  of  Santa  Fe  in  1694  the  Indian  towns  on 
the  Rio  Grande  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe,  twelve  in  number, 
made  submission  and  were  visited  and  taken  possesion  of  in  the  name 
of  the  King  of  Spain. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  SANTA  FE. 

The  resolution  of  congress  and  the  proclamation  of  the  presi- 
dent contemplate  that  the  people  of  each  of  the  towns  and  cities 
throughout  the  republic  having  a history  shall  have  arranged  among 
themselves  for  the  public  delivery  on  this  occasion  of  a historical 
sketch  thereof  from  its  formation  ; and  I have  been  by  you  honored 
with  the  selection  for  that  purpose.  Aware  of  the  propriet}^  of 
such  a sketch  being  full  and  complete  and  of  your  desire  that  it  be  so 
as  far  as  practicable,  I have  endeavored  to  attain  that  end — for  cer- 


9 


tainly  no  town  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  can  boast  of  a 
longer  or  a more  interesting  history  than  can  the  famous  old  historic 
city  of  Santa  Fe.  At  my  request  the  following  descriptive  and  his- 
torical sketch  was  written  and  furnished  me  by  David  J.  Miller, 
translator  and  chief  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  United  States  sure vy or 
general  here,  with  which  he  has  been  connected  since  its  establish- 
ment in  1854,  and  who  is  learned  in  the  lore  of  the  preserved  old 
archives  and  in  the  records  of  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  governments 
in  New  Mexico.  The  sketch  is  designed  to  present,  besides  the  history 
embodied,  an  idea  of  the  present  appearance  and  condition  of  the  city. 

THE  CITY  OF  SANTA  FE 

Stands  upon  both  sides  of  Santa  Fe  creek,  a small  river  heading  in 
the  lake  on  the  top  of  the  mountain  twelve  miles  to  the  east  and 
running  westerly  into  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  fourteen  miles  from 
the  city.  From  it  the  fields  and  gardens  in  the  valley  are  irrigated 
for  cultivation,  the  whole  volume  of  water  being  usually  during  the 
irrigating  season  diverted  into  the  branching  acequias  or  irrigating 
canals.  The  city  residences  and  other  buildings  are  almost  univer- 
sally of  the  Mexican  style,  built  of  adobes  or  sundried  brick,  one 
story  high,  are  warm  in  winter  and  cool  in  summer,  and  are  withal 
quite  comfortable.  It  has  been  aptly  said  that  the  city  when  viewed 
from  either  of  the  fine  natural  eminences  overlooking  it  presents  the 
appearance  of  a large  collection  of  brick  kilns.  Huge  spurs  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  rise  in  the  immediate  vicinity  on  the  northeast, 
the  east  and  the  southeast,  and  loom  in  the  distance  to  the  northwest,, 
the  west  and  the  southwest,  a series  of  low  tablelands  lying  to  the 
north,  the  whole  presenting  an  interesting  landscape.  Situated  at  an 
elevation  of  6862  feet  above  sea  level  the  climate  is  very  equable  and 
agreeable,  the  atmosphere  very  rare  and  pure,  and  the  salubrity  of 
the  place  unsurpassed.  It  enjoys  on  this  account  a widespread  and 
very  enviable  reputation.  It  is  upon  the  thoroughfare  of  much  com- 
merce and  travel,  as  yet  wholly  by  animal  transportation,  and  is  the 
center  of  a large  trade. 

The  population  of  the  city  is  reported  in  the  national  census  of 
1870  as  4765,  but  it  is  believed  it  was  then  really  much  larger,  and 


10 

that  it  is  now  not  less  than  6500.  Of  these  fully  5500  are  persons  of 
Spanish  and  Mexican  descent,  speaking  the  Spanish  language,  the  bal- 
ance being  mainly  Americans  and  Europeans — the  whole  population  be- 
ing divided  conventionally  into  two  classes,  the  “ Mexican  ” or  Spanish- 
speaking and  the  “American”  or  English-speaking  people,  the  latter 
class  being  composed  really  of  a majority  of  foreign  born  persons,  among 
them  a large  proportion  of  Jews.  The  city  was  incorporated  in  1851  by 
the  first  territorial  legislature  assembled  under  act  of  congress  of  Sept.  9, 
1850,  organizing  the  territory,  but,  on  account  of  the  levy  and  collection 
of  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  city  government,  a measure  then  entirely 
new  and  very  distasteful  to  the  people,  the  succeeding  annual  legislature 
was  preva’led  upon  to  repeal  the  charter.  The  city  government,  there- 
fore, was  in  operation  but  one  year — and  the  first  and  hitherto  the  only 
mayor  Santa  Fe  ever  had  was  the  one  elected  and  acting  under  that 
charter,  Mr.  Robert  Nesbit.  The  city  was  however  thereafter  regularly 
provided  with  municipal  regulations  prescribed  and  a police  appointed 
under  a law  of  the  legislature  by  the  prefect  of  Santa  Fe  county,  of  which 
this  city  has  always  been  the  capital,  the  police  being  paid  from  the 
county  funds.  The  matter  is  now  under  the  management  of  a board  of 
county  supervisors  created  by  the  twenty-second  legislature,  that  of 
1875-6. 

Santa  Fe  is  known  in  the  old  records  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
and  is  often  found  referred  to  in  the  archives  of  the  former  civil 
governments  of  the  country  as  the  city  of  San  Francisco  de  Asis  de  Santa 
Fe,  Saint  Francis  being  the  patron  saint;  and  the  annual  recurrence  of 
Saint  Francis’  Day,  October  4,  is  still  celebrated  by  the  population  under 
the  auspices  of  the  church  by  illuminations  in  the  church  edifices,  the 
streets  and  upon  the  housetops,  and  with  high  mass  at  the  cathedral. 
Santa  Fe  is  the  residence  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  New 
Mexico,  Colorado  and  Arizona.  There  are  in  the  city  four  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  besides  another  extensive  and  handsome  edjfice  in 
course  of  erection  during  the  last  six  years.  There  is  one  Protestant 
church  edifice,  that  of  the  Presbyterians,  who  have  a resident  missionary 
minister,  as  do  also  the  Episcopalians,  though  these  have  no  church  edi- 
fice. The  Roman  Catholic  church  have  here  a college  for  boys  and  a 
conventual  academy  for  girls,  at  each  of  which  about  150  pupils  attend 

11 

from  all  parts  of  the  Territory.  The  population  of  the  city  not  “ Ameri- 
cans ” are  almost  without  any  exception  Roman  Catholics.  The  city 
contains  two  national  banks,  each  haying  $150,000  capital,  the  only  ones 
in  the  Territory.  Upon  the  military  reserve  of  Fort  Marcy,  within  the 
city  north  and  northwest  of  the  plaza,  the  government  have  some  excel- 
lent buildings  erected  for  military  offices  and  for  the  residences  of  military 
officers,  the  residences  only  being  two  stories  high.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  city  stand  the  ruins  of  two  unfinished  stone  buildings — the 
territorial  capitol  and  the  territorial  penitentiary,  congress  having  failed 
during  the  last  twenty  years  to  make  any  appropriation  to  complete  or  to 
prosecute  further  the  work  upon  them.  Adjoining  these  to  the  north- 
east is  the  Masonic  and  1. 0. 0.  F.  cemetery,  a large  and  well  cared  for 
burial  place  for  the  deceased  of  those  fraternities  and  for  strangers.  To 
the  west  of  this  in  the  northwest  edge  of  the  city  near  the  Catholic  church 
of  Rosario  are  the  military  and  private  family  cemeteries  adjoining  one 
the  other.  The  plaza  or  public  square  in  the  city  north  of  the  river, 
comprising  an  area  of  about  two  and  a half  acres,  contains  enclosed 
with  palings  inside  the  surrounding  streets  a beautiful  park  of  trees 
covering  an  area  of  about  an  acre  and  a quarter.  The  trees  are 
mainly  cottonwoods — the  eight  large  ones  forming  the  extreme  north 
tier  having  been  set  out  in  the  spring  of  1844  by  Mariano  Martinez, 
then  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  others  in  1863  at  the  private 
expense  of  the  citizens.  The  plaza  is  surrounded  upon  the  east,  south  and 
west  sides  with  good  adobe  buildings,  the  principal  mercantile  and  other 
business  houses  of  the  city,  and  on  the  north  side  stands  the  old  govern- 
ment “Palace, ’’containingnow  theGovernor’s  mansion,  the  United  States 
Designated  Depository,  the  United  States  and  Territorial  court  rooms, 
the  legislative  halls,  the  Territorial  library  and  the  Territorial  Attorney 
General’s  office.  The  federal  officers  for  New  Mexico  residing  and  offi- 
ciating now  at  Santa  Fe  are  the  Governor  (Samuel  B.  Axtell),  the 
Secretary  of  the  Territory  (W.  G.  Ritch),  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Territorial  Supreme  Court  (Henry  L.  Waldo),  the  District  Attorney 
(Thomas  B.  Catron),  the  Marshal  (John  Pratt),  the  Surveyor 
General  (Henry  M.  Atkinson),  the  Internal  Revenue  Collector 
(Gustavus  A.  Smith),  the  Designated  Depositary  (Abram  G.  Hoyt), 
the  Register  of  the  Landoffice  (Jose  D.  Sena),  the  military  Comman- 

12 

der  of  the  District  of  New  Mexico  (Edward  Hatch)  and  staff,  the 
Agent  for  the  Pueblo  Indians  (Benjamin  M.  Thomas)  and  the  Post- 
master (Marshall  A.  Breeden).  In  the  center  of  the  park  in  the 
plaza  stands  the  handsome  Soldiers  Monument,  erected  of  native  granite 
by  authority  of  the  Territorial  legislature,  and  dedicated  with  imposing 
ceremonies  October  24,  1867,  to  the  citizens  of  New  Mexico  who  had 
fallen  in  the  Indian  wars  of  the  country  and  to  the  Union  soldiers  who 
perished  in  the  battles  in  New  Mexico  during  the  late  civil  war.  The 
city  outside  the  plaza  is  very  irregularly  laid  out,  the  streets,  unpaved, 
being  narrow,  crooked  and  ancient  looking.  As  no  railroad  has  yet 
penetrated  or  been  constructed  in  New  Mexico  Santa  Fe  as  from  time 
immemorial  still  presents  continually  the  scene  of  a city  filled  with  freight 
wagons  and  carrying  animals,  these  being  the  burros  or  donkeys  so 
generally  and  so  universally  used  in  the  country.  At  present  there  is 
but  one  newspaper  published  here,  the  daily  and  the  weekly  New  Mexi- 
can, issued  by  the  same  house,  and  published  one  half  in  English  and 
one  half  in  Spanish,  by  Manderfield  & Tucker,  and  there  is  a job 
printing  house  by  Williams  & Shaw.  There  is  one  Masonic 
lodge  (Montezuma  No.  109),  and  one  I.  0.  0.  F.  lodge  (Paradise  No. 
2),  and  one  I.  0.  0.  F.  encampment  (Centennial  No.  3).  There  are 
five  wholesale  mercantile  establishments,  those  of  Spiegelberg  Broth- 
ers, Z.  Staab  & Co.,  James  L.  Johnson  & Co.,  S.  Seligman  & Broth- 
ers and  Ilfeld  & Co. 

Santa  Fe,  from  the  time  the  Spaniards  entered  and  occupied  the 
country  before  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  to  the  present 
day,  has  always  been  the  political  and  military  capital  of  New  Mexico, 
which,  under  the  three  distinct  nationalities  to  which  it  has  at  different 
times  belonged,  has  always  constituted  a separate  political  organiza- 
tion, except  when  for  a short  time  in  1323-4  it  constituted  with 
Chihuahua  and  Durango  one  of  the  Mexican  States ; and  the  historic 
old  “ Palace”  building  on  the  plaza  has  been  occupied  successively  as 
his  official  residence  by  the  haughty  war-loving  Governor  and  Captain 
General  under  Spain,  by  the  power-exercising  Civil  and  Military  Gov- 
ernor and  Political  Chief  under  Mexico,  and  now  by  the  statute- 
restricted  Governor  under  the  United  States.  This  interesting  old 
building,  on  account  of  the  repairs  repeatedly  made  upon  it  now-a- 

13 

days,  is  fast  losing  its  antique  appearance  and  internal  arrangements. 
It  lias  been  the  scene  and  the  witness  of  many  events  of  interest  and 
importance,  the  recital  of  many  of  which  would  to  us  of  today  seem 
almost  absolutely  incredible.  In  it  lived  and  ruled  the  Spanish 
Captain  General,  so  remote  and  inaccessible  from  the  viceroyalty  at 
Mexico  that  he  was  in  effect  a king,  nominally  accountable  to  the  vice- 
roy, but  practically  beyond  his  reach  and  control  and  wholly  irresponsi- 
ble directly  to  the  people.  Equally  independent  for  the  same  reason 
were  the  Mexican  governors.  Here  met  all  the  provincial,  territorial, 
departmental  and  other  legislative  bodies  that  have  ever  assembled  at  the 
capital  of  New  Mexico.  Here  have  been  planned  all  the  domestic 
Indian  wars  and  measures  for  defence  against  foreign  invasion,  includ- 
ing as  the  most  noteworthy  the  Navajo  war  of  1823  and  the  Texan 
invasion  of  1842,  the  “American  of  1846  and  the  Confederate  of  1862. 
Within  its  walls  was  imprisoned  in  1809  the  American  explorer 
Zebulon  M.  Pike,  and  innumerable  state  prisoners  before  and  since ; 
and  many  a sentence  of  death  has  been  pronounced  therein  and  the 
accused  forthwith  led  away  and  shot  at  the  dictum  of  the  man  at  the 
“ Palace.”  It  has  been  from  time  immemorial  the  government  house 
with  all  its  branches  annexed.  It  was  such  on  the  fourth  of  July, 
1776,  when  the  American  congress  at  Independence  Hall  in  Philadel- 
phia proclaimed  liberty  throughout  all  the  land  not  then  but  now  embrac- 
ing it.  Indeed,  this  old  edifice  has  a history.  And  as  the  history 
of  Santa  Fe  is  the  history  of  New  Mexico,  so  is  the  history  of  the 
“ Palace  ” the  history  of  Santa  Fe. 

It  is  now  contended  that  Santa  Fe  is  really  the  oldest-settled  town 
upon  the  whole  territory  of  the  United  States.  As  the  city  of  Mexico 
of  today  is  but  the  old  Aztec  pueblo  of  Tenochtitlan  of  Montezuma, 
so  is  Santa  Fe  but  the  old  pueblo  of  Cicuye  of  Coronado.  Saint 
Augustine  in  the  state  of  Florida,  settled  in  1565,  was  conceded 
the  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  until  the  acquisition  of  New  Mexico 
and  its  capital,  Santa  Fe,  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  in  1848, 
when  the  latter  of  right  assumed  that  rank  in  virtue  of  being,  when 
the  Spaniards  first  visited  it  in  or  about  the  year  1542,  a populous 
regulated  Indian  pueblo  or  town,  one  that  had  been  in  existence  there 
is  no  knowing  how  many  decades  or  how  many  centuries.  The  mil- 

14 

itary  exploring  forces  of  the  Spanish  commander  Francisco  Vasquez 
Coronado  visited  various  such  pueblos  in  this  vicinity  at  that  time, 
mentioning  them  in  his  reports  by  their  Indian  names,  not  now 
known;  and  one  of  them  unquestionably  stood  upon  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Santa  Fe.  Which  of  them  it  was  is  now 
unknown,  for,  owing  to  the  unfortunate  poverty  of  descriptions  of 
places  given  by  the  historians  of  that  expedition,  it  is  now  very  diffi- 
cult if  not  impossible  to  identify  any  of  them  with  certainty.  We 
are  of  opinion  that  it  was  Cicuye — that  ancient  Santa  Fe  was  the 
pueblo  of  this  name.  If  so,  modern  Santa  Fe  with  its  population  of 
6500  is  not  yet  its  ancient  self  again,  for  Cicuye  extended  along  the 
stream  nearly  or  quite  six  miles,  from  the  mountains  <ps  far  west  as 
the  present  town  of  Agua  Fria — this  in  fact  is  in  accordance  with 
tradition — and  the  beautiful  valley  of  undiminished  fertility  adjoining 
the  city  has  been  cultivated  annually  at  least  three  hundred  and  fifty 
years,  for  Coronado  relates  that  when  here  he  found  the  Pueblos  cul- 
tivators of  the  soil. 

The  place  since  then  has  a long  and  an  interesting  written  and 
unwritten  history — the  former,  yet  uncollated,  being  found  scattered 
here  and  there,  and  indeed  being  mainly  recorded  incidentally,  among 
the  voluminous  old  archives.  Nevertheless  much  of  it  has  been  col- 
lated and  presented  in  General  Davis’  work  the  history  of  the  Spanish 
Conquest  of  New  Mexico.  The  author  does  not  therein  state  when 
Santa  Fe  was  first  settled  by  the  whites,  the  Spaniards,  but  mentions 
that  it  was  the  capital  of  the  civil  and  military  government  of  New 
Mexico  many  years  prior  to  and  at  the  time  of  the  expulsion  of  the 
Spaniards  from  the  province  at  the  great  Indian  insurrection  of  1680. 
The  record  shows,  he  says,  that  it  was  the  capital  in  1640,  when 
General  Arguello  was  Governor  and  Captain  General,  who  discovered 
-and  suppressed  the  first  mentioned  of  the  numerous  insurrections 
attempted  by  the  Pueblo  Indians,  he  executing  on  that  occasion  at 
Santa  Fe  a number  of  the  ringleaders.  He  mentions  Pedro  de  Pe- 
ralta as  Governor  in  1600,  General  Arguello  in  1640,  General  Concha 
in  1650,  Henrique  de  Abila  y Pacheco  in  1656,  Juan  Francisco 
Frenio  in  1675,  and  Antonio  de  Otermih  in  1680,  ’81,  ’82,  ’83. 
During  the  administration  of  General  Otermin,  in  1680,  the  Pueblos 

15 

had  secretly  conspired  on  a large  scale  to  rise  and  overpower  the 
whites  and  drive  them  from  the  country.  The  time  determined  upon 
for  an  irresistable  armed  attack  upon  Santa  Fe  and  the  other  Spanish 
settlements  was  the  10th  of  August.  Their  plans  were  however  com- 
municated to  the  Spaniards  on  the  8th  by  some  natives  of  Tezuque 
pueblo,  and  steps  were  taken  to  thwart  the  rebellion.  But  the  Indi- 
ans, discovering  that  their  scheme  was  known,  nevertheless  commenced 
the  war  with  vigor,  and  Governor  Otermin  soon  learned  that  the 
enemy  was  marching  upon  Santa  Fe  from  the  north.  They  had 
already  attacked  and  massacred  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada,  though  it  was  well  fortified  and  advised  of 
their  approach.  Santa  Fe  contained  then  about  one  thousand  inhab- 
itants citizens  and  soldiery,  and  the  streets  were  barricaded  and 
arms  put  in  possession  of  the  citizens,  and  the  whole  population  con- 
gregated in  the  plaza.  The  attack  came  on  the  12th  by  nearly  three 
thousand  Pueblo  warriors,  who  at  once  laid  siege  to  the  city.  The 
Governor  went  out  to  parley  with  the  besiegers,  but  could  make  no 
terms  with  them.  They  told  him  that  they  had  with  them  two 
crosses,  one  a red  and  the  other  a white  one,  of  which  he  could  take 
his  choice,  and  that  if  he  took  the  red  one  war  to  the  death  would 
follow,  and  if  the  white  one  peace  could  be  secured  only  by  the  Span- 
iards’ forthwith  marching  out  of  the  country  and  leaving  it  ever  forth 
to  its  rightful  owners,  the  Indians.  Failing  to  conciliate  or  make 
terms  with  the  enemy,  Otermin*  re-entered  his  besieged  capital  and 
resolved  to  attack  them  before  the  arrival  of  more  of  their  allies. 
Several  hundred  soldiers  made  a sortie,  and  some  terrific  fighting 
ensued  in  the  city  suburbs  to  the  north,  wherein  the  Indians  lost 
many  killed  and  wounded,  the  engagement  lasting  nearly  all  day. 
Late  in  the  afternoon  further  allies  arrived,  and  General  Otermin 
was  obliged  to  proceed  in  person  into  the  action  with  his  whole  fight- 
ing force  to  save  his  troops  from  annihilation  and  enable  them  to  re- 
treat into  the  city.  The  besiegers  now  numbered  fully  three  thou- 
sand warriors.  By  means  of  a large  ditch  they  turned  off  from  the 
city  the  water  of  the  stream  running  through  it,  and  cut  off  supplies 
of  provisions  from  without.  The  siege  continued  till  August  21,  the 
Spaniards  in  their  repeated  sallies  against  the  enemy  losing  in  that 

16 

time  about  five  hundred  men  killed  and  disabled,  including  twenty- 
priests  killed,  and  the  besiegers  a great  many  more.  On  the 
night  of  the  20th  the  whites  in  their  desperation  determined  to  at- 
tempt to  cut  their  way  through  the  enemy  the  next  day  and  get  out 
of  the  country  if  possible.  They  accordingly  on  the  morning  of  the 
21st  marched  out  towards  the  southwest,  soldiers,  men,  women  and 
children,  mostly  on  foot,  each  with  what  he  could  take  along.  The 
Indian  servants  were  nearly  all  left  behind.  There  were  not  sufficient 
animals  for  the  transportation  even  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  the 
huddled  mass  of  humanity,  in  momentary  expectation  of  a terrible 
attack  from  the  surrounding  enemy,  presented  truly  a lamentable 
and  a pitiable  sight.  They  had  however  less  fighting  in  their  exit 
than  they  had  anticipated,  and  soon  were  out  of  sight  of  the  doomed 
city  on  their  dreary  march  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  miles  to  El  Paso. 
The  Indians  immediately  entered  the  city,  and  commenced  their  work 
of  havoc  and  desolation.  They  at  once  burned  down  the  churches 
and  other  public  buildings  and  residences  of  prominent  Spaniards. 
They  collected  the  church  saints  and  other  appurtenances  in  a 
pile  on  the  plaza  and  burned  them  to  ashes.  They  held  high  and 
boisterous  festival  over  the  charred  and  ruined  city,  proclaiming  in 
triumphant  shouts  that  the  God  of  the  white  man  was  dead  and  the 
God  of  the  red  man,  the  sun,  again  lived  and  reigned  and  there  was 
none  else.  They  forbid  the  use  of  a word  of  the  Spanish  language 
among  their  people,  bathed  themselves  to  cleanse  the  baptism  of  the 
Catholic  priests,  and  allowed  those  who  had  been  married  by  these  to 
put  aside  their  wives  and  take  others.  They  utterly  destroyed  every- 
thing even  suggestive  of  the  Spaniards.  After  a great  deal  of  suffer- 
ing on  their  march  General  Otermin  with  his  command  of  miserable 
humanity  reached  El  Paso  about  the  first  of  October. 

During  the  following  year  the  Viceroy  at  Mexico  despatched 
General  Otermin  from  El  Paso  with  an  army  to  attempt  to  recapture 
the  lost  capital,  reestablish  the  settlements  and  restore  Spanish  su- 
premacy in  New  Mexico.  This  expeditionary  force  marched  Novem- 
ber 5,  1681,  with  the  c'ty  of  Santa  Fe  for  its  objective  point.  On 
or  about  December  20  it  reached  and  encamped  at  the  west  edge  of 
the  Mesa,  twenty-one  miles  west  of  the  city,  the  site  of  the  present 

17 


town  of  Bajada,  where  it  remained  several  days,  when  Otermin  deter- 
mined to  abandon  his  purpose  and  return  to  El  Paso.  This  he  did 
in  view  of  the  insuperable  opposition  he  saw  he  would  have  to  en- 
counter if  he  advanced,  the  Pueblos  having  concentrated  all  their 
forces  at  Santa  Fe  to  defend  the  place.  He  commenced  to  retire  on 
the  24th,  and  on  the  11th  of  February  following  arrived  at  El  Paso 
with  his  command. 

The  Pueblos  were  permitted  to  remain  in  undisturbed  possession 
of  Santa  Fe  and  of  all  New  Mexico  for  the  next  twelve  years.  In 
1692  the  Viceroy  commissioned  Diego  de  Vargas  Zapata  Lujan  Ponce 
de  Leon  as  Governor  and  Captain  General  of  New  Mexico,  and  at 
once  dispatched  him  from  the  city  of  Mexico  to  El  Paso  to  command 
an  expedition  thence  similar  in  purpose  to  that  with  which  Otermin 
had  failed.  It  marched  for  Santa  Fe  August  31,  and,  so  far  as  the 
record  shows,  met  no  serious  armed  resistence  until  within  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  city.  Here  the  Pueblos  were  assembled  in  large 
force,  and,  upon  the  approach  of  the  Spaniards,  went  forth  to  give 
them  battle.  In  view  of  the  important  and  deadly  combat  then  about 
to  ensue  the  troops  in  line  were  by  the  priests  admonished  to  cleanse 
their  hearts  of  sin,  were  administered  absolution  and  the  blessing,  and 
counselled  to  courage  in  the  name  of  God  and  the  king.  The  battle 
commenced  about  daylight  on  the  morning  of  September  13,  and 
lasted  with  great  fury  and  bravery  and  with  heavy  losses  on  both 
sides  till  late  in  the  afternoon.  At  about  three  o’clock  the  Pueblos 
began  to  weaken  and  waver  and  give  way.  The  Spaniards  pushed 
their  advantage  and  about  sundown  they  marched  into  the  city  with 
flying  colors ; and  the  soldiers,  weary  with  the  fatigues  of  the  cam- 
paign and  with  that  day’s  incessant  fighting,  soon  took  up  comfortable 
quarters  in  the  houses  of  the  Indians.  Quite  a number  of  citizens 
of  those  who  were  expelled  the  country  in  1680  and  who  had  resided 
at  Santa  Fe  had  asked  and  obtained  permission  to  return  with  the 
army  and  avenge  their  expulsion.  They  found  upon  entering  the 
city  that  during  the  twelve  years  it  was  in  posession  of  the  Pueblos  it 
had  in  all  respects  completely  changed  its  character  from  that  of  a 
Spanish  town  into  that  of  an  Indian  pueblo.  With  its  capture  Span- 
ish supremacy  was  again  established  in  the  country.  The  surrounding 


18 

pueblos  began  to  come  in  and  declare  their  submission,  and  soon  the 
whole  of  them  except  the  most  distant  and  inaccessible  were  again 
in  obedience  to  the  government  and  the  church. 

Having  thus  attained  the  first  object  of  the  expedition  and  ren- 
dered feasible  the  second — to  wit,  the  resettlement  of  the  country  by 
the  return  of  the  expelled  settlers  with  their  families  and  the  intro- 
duction of  new  immigrants — the  Governor  and  Captain  General  deter- 
mined to  return  with  his  whole  command  to  El  Paso.  The  great 
object  of  the  viceregal  government  was  the  resettlement  of  New 
Mexico,  and  if  possible  the  puebloization  of  the  nomadic  Indians  in 
the  province.  General  de  Vargas  determined  to  select  and  appoint, 
before  leaving,  from  among  the  Pueblos,  some  capable  and  trusty 
representative  to  keep  loyal  and  govern  the  natives  during  his  absence. 
The  person  so  commissioned  was  an  Indian  of  the  Pueblo  of  Picuris 
named  Luis,  a man  of  fame  and  influence  among  his  people,  the 
Pueblos.  And  on  the  17th  of  October,  1692,  de  Vargas  set  out  from 
Santa  Fe,  first  despatching  the  main  body  of  his  charge,  including 
artillery,  supplies,  animals,  captives,  prisoners,  and  so  forth,  with 
orders  to  await  him  at  the  pueblo  of  Santo  Domingo,  going  himself 
with  an  escort  and  some  priests  by  way  of  the  pueblo  of  Pecos,  now 
abandoned.  Soon  after  his  arrival  at  Pecos  two  hundred  and  fifty 
people  were  baptized  by  the  priests  into  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
On  the  20th  of  December  he  reached  El  Paso  and  went  into  camp  at 
San  Lorenzo  near  that  place,  after  an  eventful  and  very  successful 
campaign  into  New  Mexico. 

Reporting  in  extenso  his  operations  and  successes  to  the  govern- 
ment at  the  city  of  Mexico,  he  was  soon  authorized  by  the  royal  au- 
dience there  to  make  another  expedition  into  this  province  with  a 
view  to  its  colonization  and  permanent  occupation.  On  October  11, 
1693,  he  marched  from  El  Paso  for  Santa  Fe  with  his  military  com- 
mand and  a large  number  of  emigrants,  mainly  from  the  cities  of 
Queretaro,  Sombrerete  and  Zacatecas  in  Mexico,  the  emigrants  being 
in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Governor  Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  a name  fre- 
quently met  with  in  the  archives  of  the  time  embracing  a period  of 
more  than  forty  years.  Nearing  Santa  Fe  de  Vargas  despatched  run- 
ners in  advance  to  ascertain  and  report  to  him  the  sentiment  of  the 

19 

Pueblos  concerning  his  return.  At  Santo  Dom’ngo  he  was  joined  by 
the  Indian  Luis,  whom  he  had  left  at  Santa  Fe  in  charge  of  public 
affairs  the  year  previous,  and  he  and  the  runners  reported  that  during 
the  absence  of  the  Spaniards  the  Pueblos  had  become  disloyal  and 
demoralized,  that  learning  of  their  approach  they  were  resolved  to 
oppose  them  to  the  death,  and  that  there  was  then  collected  upon  the 
mesa  21  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe,  whence  Otermin  was  made  to  fall 
back,  a large  force  ready  to  give  battle.  It  was  subsequently  ascer- 
tained that  the  Pueblos  had  induced  sundry  of  the  wild  tribes  to 
promise  their  assistance  in  the  impending  war  against  the  approach- 
ing Spanish  army,  but  that  their  allies  failing  to  come  to  time  they 
concluded  not  to  interpose  by  themselves  the  resistence  they  had  con- 
templated. The  command  of  de  Yargas  was  comprised  of  one  thou- 
sand five  hundred  persons  or  more,  including  immigrants,  the  families 
of  these  and  the  soldiers.  On  December  11  the  command  reached 
the  present  town  of  Agua  Fria,  six  miles  from  Santa  F6,  where  it  en- 
camped five  days.  Luis  was  sent  forward  into  the  city,  and  he  re- 
ported that  preparations  were  making  there  to  give  de  Yargas  not 
only  a peaceable  but  a triumphal  entry  into  the  city.  On  the  16th 
he  commenced  his  march  with  drum  and  fife  and  flying  colors,  and 
at  the  head  of  the  column  on  horseback  he  marched  in  at  the  western 
edge  of  town.  The  entire  people  were  assembled  in  a multitude 
upon  the  plaza  to  receive  him,  the  men  ranged  on  one  side  and  the 
women  on  the  other.  The  troops,  having  entered  the  plaza,  were 
formed  in  open  ranks  to  allow  the  priests  to  pass  through  ; and  when 
these  arrived  to  where  the  Indians  had  erected  a large  wooden  cross 
they  kneeled  before  it,  chanted  the  litany  and  celebrated  the  Te  Deum 
Laudamus , and  General  de  Yargas  addressed  the  assembled  multi- 
tude in  a speech.  The  ceremonies  of  reception  concluded,  the  com- 
mand marched  to  an  eminence  near  town,  believed  to  be  that  now  in 
sight  of  the  plaza  about  a quarter  of  a mile  to  the  northeast,  where 
the  Indians  had  prepared  quarters  for  the  soldiers  and  the  emigrants, 
the  former  being  in  the  full  possession  and  use  of  all  parts  of  the  city. 
This  was  still  in  about  the  same  condition  as  when  the  Spaniards  left 
it  the  year  before,  the  works  and  intrenchments  for  defence  remain- 
ing unimpaired.  The  principal  buildings  which  the  Indians  had 

20 

burned  thirteen  years  before  were  mainly  still  unrepaired,  and  de 
Vargas  commenced  the  work  of  restoring  them.  He  sent  to  the 
mountains  for  timber  for  work  upon  San  Miguel  church,  the  same 
old  Roman  Catholic  edifice  which  stands  now  on  the  south  side  of 
the  river  near  the  bridge  on  the  road  leading  from  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  the  plaza.  Adjoining  this  old  church  immediately  to  the  north 
stands  yet  one  of  the  identical  buildings  built  and  occupied  by  the 
Indians  when  Santa  Fe  was  a pueblo ; and,  though  erected  very  prob- 
ably three  centuries  ago  or  more,  it  is  still  in  good  preservation,  and 
is  now  inhabited.  There  are  in  other  portions  of  the  city  a few  an- 
tique-looking buildings  showing  Pueblo  Indian  architecture,  some  or 
all  of  them  no  doubt  cotemporaries  of  the  one  just  referred  to. 

The  “ Palace,”  which  had  been  partially  repaired  by  him,  was 
occupied  by  de  Vargas  during  his  former  occupation  of  Santa  Fe,  and 
was  now  in  the  exclusive  possession  and  use  of  the  Indians.  The 
G-eneral  determined  to  move  about  Christmas  from  his  quarters  on 
the  hill  into  the  city  with  his  command,  wherefore  he  gave  orders  that 
all  the  public  buildings  and  snfficient  of  the  others  should  be  vacated 
to  make  room  for  the  rank  and  file  of  the  army  without  delay.  The 
Indians  evinced  dissatisfaction  at  the  order.  It  was  apparent  that 
they  intended  to  resist  its  execution.  Indeed  their  preparations 
for  doing  so  soon  became  manifest ; and  incontinently  they  declared 
that  the  Spaniards  should  not  come  down  into  the  city  at  all,  and, 
manning  the  intrenchments  on  the  plaza,  bid  them  defiance.  At  day- 
light Christmas  morning  de  Vargas  marched  to  the  assault  and  con- 
fronted tho  works  of  the  rebels.  In  anticipation  of  terrific  fighting 
the  whole  command  were  administered  the  sacrament  and  absolu- 
tion and  given  the  blessing  by  the  priests  in  full  view  of  the  enemy. 
While  these  ceremonies  were  proceeding  the  red  rebels  raised  the 
battle-shout,  and  with  their  bows  and  slings  hurled  at  the  troops  from 
the  works  a shower  of  arrows  and  stones — and  the  engagement  com- 
menced. The  troops,  with  the  animating  old  Spanish  battle-cry  of 
“ Santiago  /”  rushed  upon  the  works  amid  a hailstorm  of  missiles.  A 
portion  of  the  outer  walls  was  soon  carried,  but  to  gain  the  plaza  others 
had  to  be  scaled  or  demolished ; and  beams  and  ladders  were  soon  on 
the  ground  for  the  purpose.  The  enemy  within  fought  the  assailants 

21 

with  courage  and  determination,  and  among  other  efforts  to  repulse 
poured  boiling  water  upon  them  as  they  ascended  the  ladders  or  un- 
dermined the  walls.  De  Vargas  was  advised  of  the  near  approach 
from  the  west  of  reinforcements  to  the  enemy,  and  he  at  once  des- 
patched some  squadrons  of  cavalry  to  prevent  their  incorporation  with 
the  main  body  in  the  plaza.  The  cavalry  charged  and  routed  them, 
but  they  rallied  and  again  attempted  to  reach  the  city,  when  they 
were  again  attacked,  and,  after  considerable  fighting,  finally  beaten 
back  and  dispersed.  In  the  mean  time  the  fighting  on  the  plaza  con- 
tinued unabated  and  until  dusk,  when  both  parties  ceased,  neither 
having  any  perceptible  material  advantage,  though  the  Pueblos  were 
greatly  discouraged,  mainly  on  account  of  their  heavy  losses  in  killed 
and  wounded,  the  serious  wounding  of  their  commanding  war  captain 
and  the  failure  of  the  reinforcements  to  reach  them.  In  the  battle 
about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  Pueblos  were  killed.  The  num- 
ber of  their  wounded  or  of  the  killed  and  wounded  of  the  Spaniards 
does  not  appear.  As  the  troops  the  next  morning  were  about  renew- 
ing the  assault,  de  Vargas  discovered  the  demoralization  of  the  Indians, 
who  were  soon  thereafter  seen  flying  from  their  intrenchments  and 
from  the  city.  He  at  once  marched  in  with  the  royal  banner  in  the 
air  and  with  martial  music,  and,  amid  the  victorious  and  triumphant 
shouts  of  the  Spaniards,  again  took  formal  possession  of  Santa  Fe  in 
the  name  of  King  Charles  the  Second.  Concealed  in  different  houses 
of  the  city  were  found  numerous  warriors,  some  of  them  wounded. 
They  were  brought  into  the  presence  of  de  Vargas  at  the  Palace  to 
the  number  of  seventy,  who  ordered  their  execution  forthwith,  and, 
being  first  absolved  by  the  priests,  they  were  marched  out  by  his 
adjutant  and  shot.  The  Pueblos  during  the  night  preceding  the  fall 
of  the  city  had  themselves  executed  several  of  their  principal  men, 
among  them  de  Vargas’  friend  and  representative  Luis.  From  the 
Indian  families  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  at  the  capture 
of  the  city  four  hundred  young  women  and  children  Were  retained 
and  distributed  among  the  families  of  the  whites,  the  recently  arrived 
immigrants,  among  whom  were,  also  distributed  large  quantities  of 
captured  produce,  consisting  mainly  of  five  thousand  bushels  of  corn, 
quantities  of  wheat,  beans,  etc. 

22 


Thenceforward  the  Pueblos,  though  subsequently  making  fre- 
quent attempts  at  insurrection  with  the  same  end  in  view  as  before, 
and  some  attacks  upon  the  city  to  capture  it,  have  never  got  into  full 
actual  possession  of  Santa  Fe.  Among  the  old  Spanish  and  Mexican 
archives  on  deposit  at  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory  and 
of  the  Surveyor  General  are  found  frequent  references  to  subsequent 
Indian  wars  and  attacks  and  depredations  upon  life  and  property  in 
and  around  Santa  Fe.  Of  the  wild  Indians  the  most  formidable  and 
harassing  enemies  were  the  Navajos  (called  then  the  Navajo  Apaches) 
and  the  Utahs.  There  was  in  progress  with  them  almost  incessantly 
a war  of  retaliation ; and,  though  treaties  of  peace  were  sometimes 
made,  they  were  almost  always  soon  violated  and  broken. 

Among  the  insurrections  of  the  Pueblos  that  of  1837  appears 
to  have  been  the  most  serious  of  modern  times.  Colonel  Albino 
Perez  of  the  city  of  Mexico  was  commissioned  and  sent  to  New  Mex- 
ico by  the  Central  government  as  Political  Chief  in  1835,  and  upon 
the  erection  of  the  Territorial  into  a Departmental  government  in 
January,  1837,  by  the  Mexican  Congress,  Colonel  Perez  was  appoin- 
ted Governor,  the  new  government  going  into  operation  the  following 
May.  Assuming  his  new  position,  and  invested  by  the  act  of  con- 
gress with  extraordinary  powers,  Governor  Perez  soon  began  to  exer- 
cise these  to  such  an  extent  that  he  became  very  unpopular.  Like 
the  old  Spanish  Governors  and  Captains  General  who  had  ruled  in 
the  <£  Palace  ” before,  he  is  said  to  have  issued  his  mandates  and  de- 
crees wholly  regardless  of  the  wants  or  the  welfare  of  the  people. 
Sooner  or  later  an  ebulition  of  the  popular  discontent  was  bound  to 
occur.  And  in  July,  1837,  the  Pueblos  rose  in  rebellion  on  account 
of  the  imposition  of  a certain  tax  which  it  appears  the  Governor  had 
in  fact  arbitrarily  laid  upon  the  tobacco  raised  in  the  Indian  pueblos, 
and  on  account  also  of  other  oppressive  measures  which  were  in  fact 
not  contemplated  by  him  but  which  it  was  reported  and  the  Indians 
had  been  induced  to  believe  he  meditated.  The  rebellion  first  took 
form  at  the  pueblo  of  San  Juan,  whose  inhabitants  in  modern  like 
those  of  Zia  in  former  times  had  the  reputation  of  being  the  most 
warlike  of  the  Pueblos  in  New  Mexico.  Nearly  or  quite  all  the  other 
pueblos  to  the  north  soon  became  the  allies  of  San  Juan  in  the  move- 


23 

ment,  as  did  those  of  Cochiti  and  Santo  Domingo  and  others  to  the 
west  and  south.  Upon  the  approach  of  an  organized  hostile  force  of 
the  insurgents  towards  Santa  Fe  from  the  north,  Governor  Perez 
marched  with  a small  body  of  soldiers  to  meet  and  conciliate  or  sub- 
due them.  A battle  ensued  at  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada,  wherein  he 
was  badly  beaten  and  routed.  He  returned  to  Santa  Fe  in  discom- 
fiture, convinced  that  the  rebellion  was  much  more  formidable  than 
he  had  thought ; and  he  resolved  to  attempt  a conciliation  of  the  be- 
ligerants  with  concessions,  or  else  reduce  them  with  military  power. 
Upon  the  approach  of  the  victorious  insurgents  to  his  capital  he  went 
out  to  meet  them  accompanied  by  various  officials  of  the  government 
and  sundry  prominent  citizens,  but  they  would  hold  no  intercourse 
with  him.  Returning  to  the  city  he  was  intercepted  by  a war  party 
from  Santo  Domingo  and  Cochiti,  who  fell  upon  him  in  the  western 
suburbs  of  the  city  and  assassinated  him,  together  with  Jesus  Maria 
Alarid,  his  Secretary  of  State,  and  Ramon  Abreu,  Prefect  of  Rio  Ar- 
riba. This  was  on  the  evening  of  August  9,  1837.  During  the 
ensuing  several  days  various  persons  were  in  like  manner  killed,  in- 
cluding District  Judge  Santiago  Abreu,  Lieutenants  Diego  Zaens  and 
Joaquin  Hurtado,  Marcelino  Abreu  and  others.  The  red  rebels  cut 
off  the  head  of  the  dead  Governor,  kicked  it  about  in  derision  over 
the  ground  in  their  camp,  then  at  the  Rosario  church  in  the  north- 
west suburbs,  and  paraded  it  on  a pole  in  sight  of  the  city.  They 
cut  off  the  hands  of  Secretary  Alarid,  avowing  that  with  them  he 
should  countersign  tyrranical  gubernatorial  decrees  never  more.  That 
night  a friend  of  Governor  Perez,  learning  where  his  dead  body  had 
been  left  lying  in  a field  near  the  rebels’  camp,  silently  stole  to  the 
spot  in  the  darkness,  wrapped  the  acephalous  mass  in  a blanket  and 
brought  it  into  the  city,  and  the  next  day  it  was  buried  where  it  now 
lies,  in  the  old  cemetery  on  the  hill  northeast  of  the  plaza. 

At  the  capital  there  was  no  ruler  at  the  “ Palace,”  and  anarchy 
reigned.  A mass  meeting  of  citizens  was  held  under  the  portal  of 
that  building,  and  resolutions,  with  a preamble  clearly  hostile  to  the 
personnel  and  policy  of  the  Perez  administration,  were  adopted  pro- 
viding for  a temporary  civil  government.  On  the  8th  of  September 
Manuel  Armijo  “ pronounced  ” at  Tome  in  the  Rio  Abajo,  and  soon 

* 

24 

drew  around  him  there  a large  force  of  men,  at  whose  head  he  pre- 
pared to  march  against  the  insurgents  near  Santa  Fe,  primarily  the 
Pueblos,  but  who  had  now  grown  into  a larger  and  much  more  formi- 
dable organization,  composed  of  these  and  a considerable  number  of 
discontented  whites  who  after  the  death  of  Perez  had  openly  espoused 
their  cause  and  taken  the  field.  This  body  of  men  was  encamped  near 
Pojoaque,  and  had  already  organized  and  proclaimed  a revolutionary 
provisional  government,  not  yet  in  possession  of  the  capital,  having  at 
its  head  as  Civil  and  Military  Governor  one  J ose  Gonzales  and  as  its 
Lieutenant  Governor  one  Antonio  Domingo  Lopez.  Armijo,  having 
proclaim  d himself  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  marched  on  the  13th 
of  September  in  command  of  his  army  against  the  other  soi  disant 
Governor  and  his  adherents  at  his  camp.  Upon  the  approach  of 
Armijo  with  the  imposing  military  array  he  presented,  Gonzales  pre- 
pared to  give  battle  ; but,  mainly  upon  the  persuasions  of  an  influential 
Catholic  priest  who  accompanied  him,  he  was  induced  to  enter  into 
negotiations  for  peace  with  his  threatning  assailant.  This  proceeding 
created  dissensions  in  his  camp,  so  manifest  that  they  were  observed 
and  taken  advantage  of  by  Armijo,  and  Gonzales  did  not  obtain  the 
favorable  terms  of  compromise  and  settlement  he  had  anticipated,  and 
he  was  finally  obliged  to  surrender  unconditionally,  and  his  whole 
party  of  revolutionists  dispersed.  He  was  made  a prisoner,  was  re- 
duced to  confinement,  and  on  the  25th  of  January,  1838,  was  hung 
at  Santa  Cruz,  together  with  his  second  in  command  Lopez.  Armijo 
repoiUd  his  patriotic  efforts  and  his  successes  to  the  national  govern- 
ment at  Mexico,  and  was  thereafter  soon  recognized  thence  as  Gov- 
ernor. And  public  tranquility  being  now  restored  throughout  all  his 
borders,  he  established  himself  in  the  “ Palace  ” at  Santa  Fe,  where 
the  American  government  found  and  ousted  him  in  1846. 

On  the  18th  day  of  August,  1846,  during  the  war  with  Mexico, 
the  city  of  Santa  Fe  was  captured  by  the  United  States  military  forces 
under  General  Kearney,  though  without  any  fighting  in  or  near  the 
city.  Governor  Armijo,  as  commander  of  the  Mexican  regular  troops 
at  the  garrison  here  and  of  the  militia,  had  under  his  command  an 
army  of  about  four  thousand  men,  with  which  he  marched  out  of  the 
city  on  the  17th  of  that  month  on  the  road  towards  Las  Vegas  to 

1 

25 

confront  and  give  battle  to  the  invading  army  of  General'  Kearny 
then  approaching  from  the  east.  General  Armijo  proceeded  fifteen 
miles  to  the  Canon  del  Apache  and  encamped  near  the  western  outlet 
of  the  canon,  through  which  the  invaders  were  advancing — a position 
which  if  adequately  defended  would  have  been  almost  absolutely  impreg- 
nable. The  visible  evidences  of  Armij  o’s  preparations  for  attack  and  de- 
fence at  the  Canon  indicated  that  he  really  intended  to  fight,  though  it  was 
believed  by  many  in  his  camp  that  he  only  awaited  some  pretext  for 
abandoning  the  field.  The  canon  for  several  miles  runs  between 
timber  covered  rocky  hills  averaging  about  1500  feet  high  on  either 
side,  anywhere  within  cannon  shot  and  in  many  places  within  point 
blank  musket  shot  of  the  road  alongside  of  the  stream  in  the  canon. 
He  had  thrown  up  breastworks  upon  the  crests  of  the  cliffs  on  both 
sides  of  the  mouth  of  the  canon,  his  men  had  there  collected  piles  of 
fragments  of  rocks  to  hurl  down  upon  the  advancing  invaders,  and  he 
had  his  artillery  stationed  so  as  to  sweep  the  road  emerging  from  the 
canon.  The  cannon  were  concealed  by  an  abattis  made  of  trees  with 
the  ends  of  the  branches  sharpened  and  pointing  outwards  so  as  to  oppose 
an  impenetrable  barrier  to  a cavalry  charge ; but  the  abattis  was  placed 
some  hundred  yards  out  of  due  range  of  the  outlet  of  the  canon,  evi- 
dencing that  he  intended  to  allow  the  enemy  to  pass  the  gorge  before 
opening  fire  upon  them,  which  done  his  batteries  could  have  been 
carried  with  comparative  ease.  But  dissensions  arose  during  the  night 
of  the  17th  in  the  Mexican  camp ; and,  though  aware  that  reinforce- 
ments were  marching  to  their  support  from  Chihuahua,  Armijo  and 
sundry  of  his  officers,  taking  with  them  the  regular  troops  and  a por- 
tion of  the  artillery,  fled  towards  Chihuahua,  the  militia  disorganized 
and  dispersed,  and  the  Americans  had  an  open  road  into  the  capital. 

Upon  their  arrival  here,  late  in  the  afternoon  of  the  18th,  the 
Secretary  of  State,  Juan  Bautista  Vigil  y Alarid,  acting  as  Governor 
in  the  absence  of  Armijo,  received  General  Kearny  at  the  “ Palace” 
and  formally  delivered  the  capital  to  him,  addressing  him  in  a dignified 
speech  and  presenting  him  his  sword  in  token  of  surrender  and  sub- 
mission. The  stars  and  stripes  were  flung  to  the  breeze  upon  the 
Palace  and  saluted  with  cannon,  and  General  Kearny  made  a speech 
to  the  assembled  multitude  of  people,  whom  he  had  invited  to  draw 

ii  ii  n i ■ mi  i inn 

26 

nigh  and  hear  him,  advising  them  to  return  in  peace  to  their  homes 
and  avocations,  and  assuring  them  in  the  name  and  bj  authority  of 
his  government  of  full  protection  to  their  lives  and  property  and  of 
perfect  religious  and  political  freedom  under  the  constitution  and  laws 
of  the  United  States.  Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  General’s  address 
the  Mexican  civil  and  military  officers  present  invited  the  American 
officers  within  the  building  and  regaled  them  with  native  wine  and 
brandy,  fruits,  and  other  refreshments ; and  at  night  there  was  a 
sumptuous  banquet  and  an  elegant  ball  at  the  residence  of  Captain 
Francisco  Ortiz  y Baca,  on  the  north  side  and  about  midway  of  the 
street  extending  then  and  now  between  the  parochial  Catholic  church 
and  the  southeast  corner  of  the  plaza.  The  next  day  General  Kearny 
again  addressed  the  populace  on  the  plaza,  having  had  circulated  in 
the  city  and  surrounding  towns  and  ranches  a notice  that  he  would 
do  so  and  a general  invitation  to  the  people  to  attend.  There  was  a 
large  assemblage,  and  the  address  was  at  considerable  length.  In  it 
the  people  were  told  that  there  was  now  a new  regime,  that  New 
Mexico  and  the  New  Mexicans  were  transferred  permanently  to  the 
sovereignty  of  the  United  States,  the  character  and  the  excellencies 
of  whose  government  were  set  forth,  that  they  were  absolved  from  all 
allegiance  to  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  and  that  those  desiring  to  become 
citizens  of  the  United  States  would  at  once  be  afforded  the  opportu- 
nity formally  to  declare  their  new  allegiance.  Many  of  the  people  did 
so,  and  many  declined.  In  after  years  however,  as  'the  permanency 
of  the  American  government  here  became  manifest  and  assured, 
nearly  all  the  resident  Mexicans  who  had  declared  their  intention  to 
retain  the  character  of  Mexican  citizens  under  the  stipulations  and 
guaranties  of  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  of  1848  sooner  or  later 
became  American  citizens  by  naturalization,  and  the  remainder  of 
them  became  such  in  1851  by  operation  of  the  treaty.  On  the  22d 
General  Kearny  issued  his  proclamation  addressed  to  the  people  of 
New  Mexico  embodying  the  sentiments  and  declarations  expressed  in 
his  speeches  ; and  on  September  22d  he  issued  another  proclamation 
announcing  and  proclaiming  a civil  and  military  provisional  govern- 
ment for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  a code  of  laws  for  the 
same,  which  remained  in  operation  and  force  until  the  installation,  on 

- - - - 

27 


March  1,  1851,  of  the  existing  Territorial  government  under  the 
organic  act  of  congress  of  September  9,  1850. 

Santa  Fe  during  the  late  civil  war  was  captured  by  the  Confeder- 
ate military  forces  from  Texas  under  General  H.  H.  Sibley  in  1862, 
very  much  as  it  was  by  the  United  States  troops  under  General  Kear- 
ny in  1846,  and  was  occupied  by  the  rebels  about  a month.  After 
the  battle  of  Yalverde  in  southern  New  Mexico  February  21,  1862, 
the  Confederates,  flushed  with  victory,  marched  thence  upon  Santa 
Fe.  They  entered  the  city  March  10,  unfurling  the  Confederate  flag 
upon  the  “ Palace  ” and  planting  their  cannon  in  the  plaza.  The  advance 
which  then  entered  was  a small  party  of  independent  volunteers,  com- 
posed mainly  of  men  who  had  formerly  resided  at  Santa  Fe  and  who 
at  the  opening  of  the  war  left  here  to  join  the  Southern  armies.  On 
the  13th  several  hundred  more,  commanded  by  General  Sibley  in 
person,  arrived,  and  in  a few  days  more  the  city  swarmed  with  Con- 
federate soldiers.  The  subordinate  commands,  rank  and  file,  occu- 
pied the  public  buildings  in  the  city.  The  Union  troops,  the  federal 
civil  officers  and  the  prominent  actively  loyal  citizens  had  all  left  for 
the  east  on  March  3.  The  main  body  of  the  Texans  were  marching 
to  attack  Fort  Union  one  hundred  miles  to  the  east,  leaving  Santa 
Fe  to  the  north  of  their  line  of  march.  On  the  25th  the  Union  vol- 
‘unteers  from  Colorado  under  Major  John  M.  Chivington  and  the 
Texans  under  Major  C.  L.  Pyron  met  at  Apache  Canon,  where  a 
battle  ensued,  Major  Chivington  falling  back  and  the  Texans  continu- 
ing their  march.  But  on  the  28th  the  main  body  of  the  latter  under 
command  of  Colonel  W.  R.  Scurry  and  twelve  hundred  Union  regu- 
lars and  volunteers  under  Colonel  John  P.  Slough  met  at  Glorieta, 
otherwise  Pigeon’s  Ranch,  twenty-two  miles  east  of  Santa  Fe,  when 
a battle  ensued  lasting  from  ten  o’clock  in  the  morning  until  five  in 
the  afternoon,  when  an  armistice  was . agreed  upon.  The  losses  in 
this  engagement  as  reported  by  Col.  Slough  were  of  the  Union  troops  38 
killed,  54  wounded  and  1 7 prisoners,  and  of  the  rebel  troops  80  killed,  100 
wounded  and  93  prisoners.  On  the  29th  Major  Chivington  with  400 
men  executed  a flank  movement  upon  the  supply  train  of  the  rebels 
and  destroyed  it,  which  so  crippled  their  plans  that  they  at  once  re- 
treated towards  Santa  Fe  ; and  Colonel  Slough  with  his  force  retired 


28 

to  Fort  Union.  General  Sibley  with  his  whole  command  thereupon 
at  once  commenced  to  march  out  of  the  country  towards  Texas,  in  his 
march  encountering  General  Canby  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  having  with  him  several  fights  before  reaching  El  Paso.  The 
last  of  the  Texans  finally  evacuated  Santa  Fe  on  the  8th  of  April,  and 
on  the  11th  the  Union  troops  reoccupied  the  city,  and  soon  the  offici- 
als and  the  citizens  who  had  left  in  March  returned  to  their  avoca- 
tions and  their  homes.  The  Confederates  during  the  time  they  were 
in  possession  of  Santa  Fe  committed  no  wanton  depredations  upon 
life  or  upon  public  or  private  property,  and  in  taking  from  the  people 
their  necessary  supplies  did  not  exceed  the  recognized  prerogative  of 
an  occupying  hostile  military  force. 

Santa  Fe  at  an  early  day  after  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico  by 
the  Spaniards  was  made  a “ Villa  ” or  village,  an  honorary  title  au- 
thorized and  proclaimed  always  by  special  edict  of  the  king.  Of  the 
places  so  honored  there  are  now  in  Spain  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty,  and  in  her  former  and  present  ultramarine  possessions  various 
others.  The  title  was  conferred  only  by  the  sovereign  and  only  upon 
the  recommendation  of  the  Royal  Audience.  It  was  of  various  grades 
of  rank,  the  principal  being  Ciudad  or  city  and  Villa  or  village ; and 
it  was  deemed  a high  honor  to  obtain  the  appellation.  It  was  con- 
ferred only  upon  those  places  whose  inhabitants  had  distinguished 
themselves  by  some  of  the  preeminent  heroic  acts  or  deeds  or  some  of 
the  instances  of  remarkable  valor,  courage,  suffering,  selfsacrifice  or 
eminent  patriotism  related  in  Spanish  history  during  the  last  thousand 
years.  It  endowed  the  inhabitants  with  certain  honorary  privileges, 
prerogatives  and  immunities,  and  often  entitled  their  city  or  village 
to  be  termed  and  hailed  as  the  Very  Noble,  the  Very  Loyal,  the 
Heroic,  the  Valiant,  the  Invincible,  the  Renowned,  the  Illustrious, 
and  so  forth.  The  first  and  principal  of  the  places  so  honored  in  New 
Spain  was  the  city  of  Mexico,  which  was  created  a Ciudad  or  City 
by  edict  of  king  Charles  I dated  June  25,  1530,  soon  after  its  me- 
morable siege  and  capture  by  Cortez.  The  preserved  old  records  and 
archives  at  Santa  Fe  do  not  show  when  the  title  of  Villa  was  con- 
ferred upon  the  place : they  evidence  the  fact  only.  The  archives 
dated  here  from  the  time  de  Vargas  captured  the  city  and  reestab- 

29 


lished  Spanish  supremacy  in  New  Mexico  in  1693  invariably  call  the 
place  the  Villa  de  Santa  Fe.  The  custom  of  conferring  these  honor- 
ary titles  seems  to  have  been  continued  under  the  Mexican  system 
after  independence.  In  1823  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Taos  in 
this  Territory  through  their  ayuntamiento  made  an  effort  to  acquire 
the  title  of  Villa.  They  petitioned  the  provincial  deputation  or  leg- 
islature at  Santa  Fe  to  approve  and  recommend  their  application  to 
the  Mexican  congress.  On  the  15th  of  November  of  that  year  the 
deputation  acting  upon  their  prayer  referred  the  same  back  to  the 
corporation  with  authority  to  prepare  a statement  of  the  claims  in 
virtue  whereof  the  honor  was  asked,  to  be  by  the  deputation  trans- 
mitted to  congress  with  its  recommendation — but  the  record  does  not 
show  that  there  was  anything  further  done  in  the  premises. 

The  historical  and  descriptive  sketch  here  presented  of  the  an- 
cient and  modern  city  of  Santa  Fe  is  not  as  full  and  as  complete  as 
it  might  be  were  the  ample  material  for  it  more  readily  accessible  or 
in  a form  more  available.  Many  of  the  objects  referred  to  are  from 
this  spot  upon  the  plaza  within  view  of  the  three  thousand  people  now 
here  assembled.  And  as  we  now  contemplate  with  the  eye  these  ob- 
jects of  interest,  and  imagine  others  long  since  obliterated  in  the 
course  of  the  three  centuries  and  a half  covered  by  this  sketch,  we 
can  appreciate  measurably  the  times  and  the  experiences  Santa  Fe 
has  had,  in  peace  and  war  and  in  barbarism  and  civilization,  while  suc- 
cessively under  the  dominion  of  the  Aboriginal,  the  Latin  and  the 
Anglo  Saxon  races. 


mm ES  AND  MINING. 

Turning  now  from  the  history  of  the  capital  of  New  Mexico  as 
given  by  Mr.  Miller  in  the  foregoing  sketch,  I will  endeavor  briefly 
to  set  forth  that  of  the  Territory  itself  as  to  mines  and  mining.  The 
subject  is  one  of  great  interest,  but  the  time  allotted  me  on  this  oc- 
casion will  not  permit  a full  detail.  I must  therefore  be  brief,  and  can 
furnish  but  a few  facts  comparatively,  derived  principally  from  my 
examination  of  history  found  in  Peter  Force’s  library  and  from  other 
works,  which  from  time  to  time  I have  examined  in  the  congressional 


Vwmwuuk  3 ~ . .1. 1 II  1 1 Ml. 

30 

1 

; 

1 

library  at  Washington,  corroborated  by  my  personal  observations,  in 
New  Mexico. 

The  early  history  of  New  Mexico  as  written  by  the  Spaniards  or 
rather  by  the  Franciscan  friars,  for  they  were  the  first  to  prosecute 
their  explorations  north  after  the  conquest  of  old  Mexico,  reveals  to 
us  the  fact  that  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  at  a very  early  period 
had  acquired  the  reputation  of  possessing  mines  of  fabulous  richness 
in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  other  metals  and  minerals.  The  Indians 
as  it  appears  had  made  considerable  advancement  in  the  art  of  smelt- 
ing and  the  working  of  metals,  as  the  history  of  Cortez,  and  Monte- 
zuma, the  prophet,  priest,  and  king  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  who  left 
this  region  at  an  early  date,  demonstrates.  The  vast  amount  of  gold, 
silver,  copper,  turquoise,  etc.,  (a  valuable  mineral  of  a peculiar  bluish 
color,  it  is  susceptable  of  a high  polish,  and  is  used  in  jewelry  and  is 
much  esteemed  as  a gem,  and  is  worn  by  the  Pueblos  and  Navajo 
Indians  who  prize  it  very  highly)  worn  by  the  Indians  on  their  per- 
sons, and  the  walls  of  their  dwellings  profusely  adorned  by  the 
precious  metals,  indicated  its  abundance. 

The  Franciscan  friars  who  first  penetrated  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico  were  an  intelligent  and  highly  educated  class  of  men,  schooled 
in  all  the  arts  and  sciences  of  the  period,  particularly  those  pertaining 
to  minerals  and  mining.  They  were  peculiarly  qualified  to  judge  of 
the  latent  resources  of  a new  country.  They  saw  among  the  natives 
the  evidences  of  so  much  mineral  wealth  that  it  excited  their  wonder 
and  cupidity.  The  reports  of  the  existence  of  vast  deposits  of  the 
precious  metals  inflamed  their  countrymen,  and  inspired  a desire  for 
adventure.  Expeditions  as  I have  shown  were  organized  to  conquer 
this  El  Dorado  for  the  crown  of  Spain.  After  many  campaigns  fraught 
with  untold  hardship  and  privations,  and  the  sacrifice  of  many  thou- 
sands of  lives  their  efforts  were  crowned  with  success.  The  natives 
were  conquered  and  compelled  to  work  in  opening  and  developing  the 
mines  in  all  parts  of  the  Territory;  they  were  compelled  to  pack  ores 
and  fuel  on  their  backs  for  many  miles  to  the  furnaces.  The  eviden- 
ces of  their  active  mining  operations  are  to  be  seen  in  almost  every 
mountain  and  valley  throughout  the  country.  Old  shafts  and  tunnels 
are  frequently  being  found  now  partially  filled  with  the  debris  of  ages, 

1 

31 

that  excite  the  wonder  and  speculation  of  the  prospector.  The  Taos 
mountains  are  full  , of  them,  many  of  them  are  hundreds  of  feet  deep, 
with  levels  excavated  each  way  from  the  shaft.  One  of  these  old 
shafts  which  I explored  with  Colonel  Pfeiffer,  is  sunk  on  a lode  near 
the  old  town  of  Abiquiu  is  very  deep,  and  has  levels  excavated  several 
hundred  feet  in  one  direction.  The  records  of  this  ancient  mine  as 
found  in  the  archives  of  an  old  church  near  by  show  that  the  10  per 
cent,  in  tithes  collected  from  it  amounted  to  about  ten  million  dollars. 
No  work  has  been  done  on  this  mine  since  1680.  There  are  also  very 
extensive  mine  works  in  the  old  and  new  placer  mountains  of  Santa 
Fe  county.  Old  shafts  and  excavations  are  quite  numerous,  gold, 
silver,  coal  and  turquois  are  found ; a turquois  mine  in  this  county 
has  lately  been  explored  and  the  shaft  found  to  be  over  one  hundred 
feet  below  the  surface.  From  this  mine  an  unusually  large  and  valua- 
ble specimen  was  sent  to  the  Emperor  of  Spain.  There  are  also  many 
shafts  in  the  Sandia  mountain  a few  miles  further  south.  The  old 
turquois  mine  in  the  Cerrillos  mountain  looks  as  if  it  had  been  worked 
several  hundred  years  ago ; the  two  mines  are  located  on  broad  ex- 
tended ridges,  and  have  been  worked  from  both  sides  to  the  distance 
of  300  feet  or  more. 

Since  the  massacre  of  the  Spaniards  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  in 
1680  all  the  richest  mines  have  been  covered  up  by  them,  and  all 
traces  so  obliterated  that  they  are  only  known  and  kept  in  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  old  Governors  and  other  rulers  of  the  various  Indian 
towns.  There  are  traditions  among  the  people  of  immense  amounts 
of  treasure  buried,  that  was  hastily  hidden  at  the  time  of  the  massacre. 
La  Gran  Quivira  is  the  ruin  of  an  ancient  Indian  Pueblo ; it  was  a 
flourishing  town  when  the  Spaniards  first  discovered  this  country,  and 
Coronado  spent  some  time  there ; its  location  is  a few  miles  south  of 
the  Gallinas  mountains.  There  is  abundant  evidence  that  it  was  peo- 
pled by  a race  of  miners  ; there  are  found  the  remains  of  old  furnaces, 
slags  and  cinders  scattered  profusely  around,  with  numerous  shafts 
and  excavations  in  the  adjacent  foot  hills  and  mountains,  which  indi- 
cate whence  they  derived  their  ores.  The  Aztecs  told  their  conquer- 
ors that  their  gold  and  silver  came  from  a long  way  to  the  north. 
There  are  many  reasons  in  support  of  the  belief  that  New  Mexico 

32 

furnished  vast  amounts  of  gold,  silver  and  copper  to  Montezuma 
prior  to  the  conquest.  A practical  survey  would  reveal  an  amount  of 
wealth  almost  startling.  At  present  our  country  is  but  little  known. 

In  1704  the  Spanish  people  entered  into  a compromise  with 
the  Pueblo  Indians,  by  which  the  former  were  permitted  to  return  to 
the  country,  but  with  the  positive  and  express  condition  that  they 
should  not  open  the  mines  or  prosecute  mining  as  a pursuit.  There- 
fore up  to  a few  years  past,  there  has  been  no  mining  prosecuted  in 
this  Territory  since  1680.  After  their  return  to  New  Mexico  the 
Spanish  people  turned  their  attention  to  trading,  agriculture  and 
raising  sheep  and  cattle.  Nearly  all  the  mining  prosecuted  in  the  last 
twenty  years  has  paid  well,  but  for  want  of  capital  to  obtain  proper 
machinery  it  has  not  been  as  remunerative  as  it  should  have  been. 
The  most  prominent  mining  localities  at  present  are  Silver  City,  Pinos 
Altos,  Socorro,  Elizabethtown,  and  the  mines  in  Santa  F6  county. 

There  is  a chain  of  gold  placers  and  of  silver  lodes  extending 
from  the  northern  boundary  down  through  the  center  of  the  Territory 
to  the  southern  boundary,  which  are  known  to  a few  of  our  citizens 
and  most  of  which  are  not  developed  for  want  of  capital  and  machin- 
ery. Some  of  these  placers  have  been  worked  by  the  Mexican  people 
in  a crude  way  for  more  than  a hundred  years,  by  carrying  water  from 

2 to  8 miles  in  barrels  and  skins,  and  then  by  pan  or  rocker  they 
made  from  $3  to  $8  per  day  to  the  hand.  Yet  the  mines  are  scarce- 
ly touched.  Many  of  them  today  would  rival  the  richest  placers  ever 
discovered  in  California  or  Australia,  if  there  was  water  convenient 
to  work  them.  With  a judicious  investment  of  capital  water  in 
abundance  could  be  obtained  by  digging  an  irrigating  canal  from  the 
Bio  Grande  in  Bio  Arriba  county,  or  from  the  Pecos  river  in  San 
Miguel  county,  to  the  south  part  of  the  county  of  Santa  F4,  which 
would  be  supplied  with  abundance  of  water  from  the  Bio  del  Norte 
river  at  La  Embuda,  or  from  the  Pecos.  Silver  City  is  located  in 
Grant  county  420  miles  from  Santa  F4  by  the  stage  road.  Though 
comparatively  a new  town  it  is  rapidly  growing  in  prominence ; it  is 
the  center  of  a large  area  of  one  of  the  most  promising  mining  local- 
ities in  the  Bocky  Mountains.  Within  the  last  few  years  several  stamp 
mills  and  other  reduction  works  have  been  erected  and  seem  to  be 

33 

doing  well.  Deposits  of  the  chloride  of  silver  are  proving  to  he 
very  extensive  and  remarkably  rich.  I am  of  the  opinion  that  the 
most  valuable  mines  have  yet  to  be  discovered.  The  mineral  belt  of 
this  region  covers  a vast  extent  of  country,  containing  gold,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  and  many  other  minerals.  Taking  all  its  improvements 
and  the  immensity  of  its  resources  into  consideration,  Silver  City  has 

a grand  and  brilliant  future  before  her. 

The  Pinos  Altos  gold  quartz  and  placer  mines  are  located  eight 
miles  north  of  Silver  City.  There  has  been  a large  amount  of  gold 
taken  from  the  placers  and  they  are  by  no  means  worked  out.  The 
Socorro  mines  located  in  the  Magdelena  mountains  about  30  miles 
west  of  the  Rio  G-rande  and  150  miles  south  of  Santa  Fe,  furnish 
some  remarkably  rich  silver  ores.  The  ores  of  these  mountains  carry 
galena  and  copper — two  or  three  common  lead  furnaces  have  been 
erected  which  pay  well ; most  of  the  mountains  lying  on  either  side 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  the  great  river  1800  miles  long,  which  extends 
through  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  which  has  been  called  the 
Nile  of  America,  with  almost  an  equal  volume  of  water  from  its  source 
in  the  mountains  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado,  to  its  mouth  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Like  the  Nile  it  is  the  reliance  of  the  farmer  ; the 
natives  have  made  to  each  town  and  the  adjoining  lands  canals  for 
irrigation.  These  are  often  twenty  or  thirty  miles  in  length,  afford- 
ing also  considerable  mill  power.  In  El  Paso  valley  the  Spaniards 
found  a tribe  of  Indians  cultivating  the  soil  265  years  ago,  and  de- 
pending upon  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  for  irrigation,  and  its 
cultivation  has  been  continued  ever  since — yet  the  soil  is  of  an  un- 
diminished fertility.  East  of  the  Rio  Grande  H..  C..  Justice,  an  in- 
telligent metalurgist  of  our  city,  reports  large  deposits  of  precious 
metals  of  great  value.  Mr.  Justice  is  a gentleman  who  has  for  sev- 
eral years  investigated  the  merits  of  our  metalliferous  resources,  and 
being  an  old  prospector,  is  well  able  to  judge  of  the  value  of  mineral 
lands,  and  is  in  possession  of  knowledge  on  this  subject  of  great  value 
to  the  capitalist  and  the  interests  of  those  who  desire  to  aid  in  the 
development  of  our  vast  mineral  resources. 

Santa  Fe  county  and  city — the  “ City  of  Holy  Faith,7’ — is  surroun- 
ded with  the  precious  metals.  The  following  I quote  from  Professor 
Raymond’s  report  for  1870,  In  which  he  says : 

34 

. “ Santa  Rosa,  discovered  forty  years  ago  by  Alvarado,  is  situated 
in  a small  valley  surrounded  by  bills.  The  inclined  shaft  is  50  feet 
deep  but  mostly  caved  in.  The  lode  is  six  feet  wide,  strikes  north, 
23°  east  and  dips  80°  northwest.  The  walls  are  granite  and  encase 
argentiferous  galena,  zinc  blend,  iron,  copper,  etc.”  Since  the  above 
report  this  mine  has  been  re-opened  by  a vertical  shaft,  and  the  min- 
erals reduced  in  a furnace  situated  upon  the  Galisteo.  The  bullion 
produced  averaged  $120.00  per  ton  in  silver. 

“ Mina  Rueleiia.  The  lode  consists  of  two  layers  on  the  surface, 
one  of  which  is  three  feet  and  the  other  one  foot  wide.  The  incline 
shaft  on  this  vein  is  120  feet  deep.” 

“ Mina  del  Tiro  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cerrillos,  in 
the  Canada  de  las  Minas.  An  incline  150  feet  and  a shaft  100  feet 
deep,  connect  with  the  extensive  montones  (drifts)  of  over  300  feet 
in  length  and  with  many  chambers.  All  are  filled  with  water.  The 
remains  of  an  old  canoe  which  was  used  for  crossing  water  in  the 
mine  are  still  there.  These  excavations  were  made  by  Jesuits”, 
(this  by  history  should  read  Franciscan  Friars  and  not  Jesuits) 
“probably  before  1680,  and  the  expense  has  been  estimated  at 
$100,000.  Silver  ore  is  visable  in  large  quantities.”  Professor 
Raymond  in  speaking  of  this  locality  says : 

“ The  CerriEos,  17  miles  southwest  of  Santa  Fe,  contain  many 
silver  bearing  iodes  which  have  never  been  described,  although  .they 
are  well  worth  it.  They  are  situated  on  an  old  Spanish  grant  belong- 
ing to  the  Baca  y Delgado  family.”  (These  lands  have  since  been 
surveyed  as  public  lands  and  sold  by  the  government  to  citizens  who 
are  now  working  the  mines.)  “ The  Cerrillos  are  a series  of  low  un- 
dulating hills  about  six  miles  long  and  three  miles  wide,  and  consist 
mostly  of  granite  rocks,  a few  of  them  of  volcanic  origin.  From  a 
cone  made  up  of  basaltic  lava  near  Martin’s  ranch,  splendid  views 
of  the  old  and  new  Placer  mountains  in  the  southeast,  the  Bernalillo 
in  the  southwest,  Santa  Fe  in  the  north  and  the  Jemez  range  in  the 
west  are  spread  before  the  visitor.” 

Many  other  mines  and  lodes  of  gold  and  silver  could  be  men- 
tioned, but  the  time  allotted  to  me  on  this  occasion  will  not  permit. 
Enough  has  been  said  to  show  the  age  of  our  city  and  mineral  value 
of  its  surroundings.  m 

35 

OUR  FIRST  CENTURY. 

The  Fourth  of  July,  1776,  was  a memorable  day,  a day  to  be 
remembered,  a day  to  be  regarded  with  grateful  acknowledgements 
by  every  American  citizen,  by  every  philanthropist  in  all  the  nations 
of  the  world.  The  light  which  shines  from  our  political  institutions 
has  penetrated  even  the  dungeons  of  European  despots,  for  the  genius 
of  our  Government  is  the  genius  of  universal  emancipation  ! Nothing 
can  resist  the  political  influence  of  a great  nation  enjoying  great 
political  advantages,  if  she  walk  worthy  of  them.  The  example  our 
government  gives  is  necessarily  terrible  to  the  crowned  heads  of 
Europe,  and  exhilarating  to  all  who  look  for  the  redemption  of  man 
from  political  degredation. 

The  American  Revolution  of  1776  was  but  the  precursor 
of  a revolution  of  infinitely  more  importance  to  mankind.  It  was  a 
great,  a happy,  and  a triumphant  revolution.  It  will  long,  perhaps 
always,  be  accounted  an  illustrious  and  a happy  era  in  the  history  of 
man.  Many  thanksgivings  and  praises  have  reached  unto  heaven 
because  of  this  great  deliverance.  The  incense  of  gratitude  perfumed 
with  the  praise  of  all  patriots,  has  long  since  risen  from  myriads  of 
hearts,  and  will  continue  to  rise  until  the  principle  of  self  government 
shall  cover  the  whole  earth,  and  the  glory  and  majesty  of  the  Great 
Creator  be  reflected  upon  the  nations  of  all  lands. 

The  praises  of  a Washington,  a Franklin,  a Jefferson,  a Lafayette 
and  other  patriots  of  one  hundred  years  ago,  will  long  resound  through 
the  hills  and  valleys  of  this  spacious  country,  and  will,  in  proportion 
as  men  are  prepared  to  taste  the  blessings  to  result  from  a fuller  devel- 
opement  of  the  great  principles  of  divine  government,  continually  in- 
crease. 

THE  WORK  OF  THE  PRESENT  CENTURY. 

A more  glorious  work  is  reserved  for  this  Centennial  generation, 
a work  of  as  much  greater  moment,  compared  with  the  revolution  of 
1776,  as  immortality  is  to  the  present  span  of  human  life — the 
emancipation  of  the  human  mind  from  the  shackles  of  superstition  by 
the  introduction  of  universal  education.  To  liberate  the  minds  of 
men  from  pagan  ignorance  and  sectarian  tyrannies — to  deliver  them 

36 


from  the  thraldom  of  relentless  systems,  is  a work  fraught  with  greater 
blessings,  and  a work  of  a nobler  daring  and  loftier  enterprise  than  the 
substitution  of  a representative  democracy  for  an  absolute  or  limited 
monarchy. 

When  this  grand  work  of  this  Centennial  age  is  achieved  then 
will  all  men  literally  “ beat  their  swords  into  plowshares,  and  their 
spears  into  pruning  hooks,  and  learn  war  no  more,”  and  bask  in  the 
sunshine  of  the  glory  of  the  majesty  of  the  heavens,  “ dwelling  in 
peace,”  under  the  soverign  rule  of  the  “ Prince  of  Peace.” 

I am  admonished  that  the  time  allotted  to  me  on  this  occasion 
has  fully  expired,  I will  therefore  conclude  in  the  language  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  bards : 

Hills  of  beauty  round  me  rise, 

Sentinels  to  valleys  sweet, 

Crowned  with  azure  from  the  skies, 

Bathed  in  emerald  at  their  feet. 

Lightness  lingers,  rises,  falls, 

Shedding  glory  on  our  walls. 

Santa  Fe,  the  oldest  born 

Of  Columbia’s  cherished  towns, 

Yet  as  fresh*  as  glorious  noon, 

Life  from  every  nook  resound, 

Old,  yet  new,  grown  gray  yet  strong, 

Jubilant  for  right,  but  death  to  wrong. 

From  mountain  peak  the  breeze, 

Floating  to  the  plains  below, 

Fan  the  flowers,  the  fields,  the  trees, 

Where  the  sparkling  waters  flow. 

Here,  by  the  waterfall  and  glen, 

Pleasure  waits  the  will  of  men. 

Thunder  from  an  azure  sky, 

Lightning  flashes  earthward  flow, 

Storms  of  wind  go  sweeping  by, 

With  their  trains  of  dust  and  snow. 

Here  the  elements  combine 
At  the  will  of  One  divine. 

Airy  echoes  on  the  hills, 

Gleams  of  sunshine  everywhere, 


Cooling  breezes  by  the  rills, 

Tempest  tremors  in  the  air, 

All  the  elements  of  health, 

All  the  ways  of  life  and  wealth. 

New  Mexico,  land  of  treasures  new  and  old, 
New  Mexico,  land  of  sunshine  and  of  gold, 
New  Mexico,  lovely  day  and  starry  night, 

New  Mexico,  land  of  beauty  and  delight. 


CENTENNIAL  POEM. 


By  COLONEL  A.  Z.  HUGGINS. 


BRITANNIA. 

In  former  days  there  lived  a woman,  old 
In  years,  in  strength  yet  young,  proud,  cold ; 

Of  faculties  unequalled — brilliant,  keen — 

The  very  model  of  a stately  queen. 

Her  age  she  counted  by  the  thousand  years, 

She  deemed  herself  without  her  earthly  peers, 

And  in  full  grandure  sat  her  golden  throne, 

As  though  esteeming  all  the  world  her  own. 

A thousand  altars  blazed  at  her  behest, 

Fired  by  strong  hands  from  plain  to  mountain  crest ; 
A thousand  courtiers  knelt  to  win  her  smile ; 

A thousand  captains  fought  her  foes  the  while ; 

A thousand  ships  swept  o’er  the  billowy  plain, 
Bearing  her  royal  banner  at  the  main. 

In  matchless  glory  by  the  sounding  sea, 

She  dwelt  ’mid  all  the  forms  of  royalty ; 

And  ’twas  her  boast  that  in  her  lustrous  reign, 

The  sun  ne’er  set  throughout  her  vast  domain. 

Full  many  comely  children  claimed  from  her 
Their  parentage,  and  e’er  without  demur, 

Obeyed  all  calls  that  bore  her  royal  name — 

E’en  freely  gave  their  stores  to  spread  her  fame. 

But  with  great  age  will  come  at  last  a change  ; 
Declining  years  from  youthful  thoughts  estrange  ; 
The  glowing  faculties  die  out  apace — 


38 

A law  enduring  to  the  human  race. 

With  wrinkled  brow  and  locks  of  driven  snow  ; 

With  blood  becoming  sluggish  in  its  flow ; 

With  nerves  unsettled  and  with  figure  bent ; 

With  lungs  less  active  and  with  vigor  spent ; , 

How  could  the  vital  energies  remain  ? 

With  physical,  the  mental  force  must  wane ; 

A languor  take  the  place  of  sparkling  life  ; 

A proneness  to  inquietude,  to  strife. 

Then  bigotry  develops — vengeful  curse  ! 

And  carries  dotage  on  from  bad  to  worse ; 

Leading  the  thoughts  to  irresponsive  sway ; 

E’en  thus  it  seemed  with  proud  Britannia. 

COLUMBIA. 

Ere  long,  when  Eastern  lands  were  waxing  old ; 
When  conflicts  wild  had  raged  through  years  untold, 
And  liberty  seemed  mould’ring  in  the  grave ; 

When  hope  was  gone — no  outstretched  hand  to  save ; 
A new  land  was  discovered  in  the  west, 

Promising  freedom  to  the  longing  breast. 

Grand  news  ! Then  hastened  pilgrims  by  the  score ; 
Belief  from  hardships  seeking ; weary,  sore : 

They  set  their  standards  in  the  new  found  land ; 
Stationed  their  guards  on  every  sea-girt  strand  ; 

Chose  as  their  queen  the  young  Columbia — 

The  fairest  daughter  of  Britannia — 

And  raised  a banner  o’er  their  goodly  wolds, 

With  “ Freedom  ” blazoned  on  its  waving  folds. 

But  Britain’s  queen  could  not  withhold  her  hand : 
She  saw  her  offspring  peopling  the  new  land — 

The  same  that  from  her  tyranny  had  flown — 

And  she  averred  that  all  should  be  her  own. 

Weakness  cannot,  for  long,  the  strong  withstand  ; 
And  so  Columbia  took  her  mother’s  hand, 

In  timid  deference  to  the  stern  command, 

And  humbly  promised  to  abide  her  will, 

’Till  matron’s  age  her  growing  years  should  fill. 

Gently  at  first  the  mother  ruled  her  child, 

And  with  soft  words  her  trusting  faith  beguiled  ; 

But,  erelong,  as  the  child  in  beauty  grew, 

And  promised  soon  to  take  the  helm  anew ; 


39 


The  mother  changed  her  tactics,  and  in  thought 
Resolved  to  crush  her  daughter’s  realm  to  naught. 

WAR. 

Columbia  sought,  by  every  kindly  art, 

To  soften  her  still  cherished  mother’s  heart ; 

But  all  in  vain  : The  daughter  could  not  stay 
The  hand  outstretched  for  universal  sway. 

Then  bloodshed  came  ; came  wild  and  furious  war ; 
Came  fleets  on  fleets  from  Britain’s  coasts  afar ; 
Came  Red  Coats,  panting  for  their  brother’s  blood ; 
Came  Hessians,  hired  to  swell  the  rising  flood  ; 
Came  Indians,  bought  to  do  a tyrant’s  will, 

’Till  streams  of  blood  fed  many  a winding  rill. 

Dark  was  the  hour,  yet  Freedom  struggled  on, 

Led  by  the  brave,  heroic  Washington  : 

Cold  steel  met  steel ; the  patriotic  few, 

. From  point  to  point,  with  fiery  ardor  flew. 

Half  starved  and  ragged  were  the  faithful  band, 
Yet,  full  resolved  to  save  their  cherished  land, 
Endured  their  toils  with  nerve  unknown  before 
In  all  the  annals  of  historic  lore. 

INDEPENDENCE. 

But  now  a balmy,  hopeful  day  appeared, 

That  to  all  patriot  spirits  is  endeared  ; 

A day  that  promised  homes  to  the  oppressed : 

To  stay  the  guilty  hand  of  will  conquest : 

To  end  these  dire,  unnatural  conflicts — 

The  glorious  Fourth  of  Seventeen  Seventy  Six  ! 

On  that  proud  day,  Columbia,  adored 
By  freemen,  by  aspiring  lords  abhorred ; 

Now,  of  full  age,  to  modest  beauty  grown  ; 

With  brow  that  in  celestial  splendor  shone  ; 

Her  beaming  orbs  sparkling  in  diamond  rays  : 

Her  graceful  form  winning  all  peoples’  praise : 
Stepped  forth,  and  waving  her  resplendant  hand, 
Declared  full  freedom  to  her  chosen  land, 

Her  voice  in  cheering  strains  rang  through  the  air : 
Her  words  in  joy  reechoed  everywhere. 

Again  steel  flashed,  more  vigorously  borne ; 

And  now  the  foemen  quailed  with  laurels  shorn : 


40 


The  flowing  tide  was  changed ; the  brutal  force, 
Surcharged  with  gore,  was  checked  in  its  mad  course. 
Then  equal  conflict  followed  for  a space  ; 

Then  grand  successes  to  the  youthful  race  ; 

Until  at  last  the  foe  disheartened,  sore, 

In  utter  rout,  was  driven  from  our  shore. 

ONE  HUNDRED  YEARS. 

Then  followed  to  the  bravest  of  the  brave, 

Prosperity  on  every  rolling  wave : 

Riches  and  honor,  charity,  good  will, 

Contributing  the  promise  to  fulfill, 

That  freemen  could  all  enemies  withstand  ; 

Could  raise  to  fame  their  new  apportioned  land ; 

Could  rule  in  love  with  undiminished  sway, 

’Till  every  grievous  wrong  had  passed  away. 

But  even  freemen,  human  still,  will  now 
And  then  opposing  sentiments  avow ; 

Each  thinking  only  his  opinions  good 
And  requisite  to  real  brotherhood. 

Hence,  in  our  midst,  dissensions  have  occurred, 

Which  for  a time  our  beauteous  flag  have  blurred ; 

Yet  right  succeeded  always  in  the  end, 

To  peace  restore  and  hearts  in  union  blend : 

And  all  have  forward  moved  in  rapid  stride, 
Unhindered  by  opposing  wind  or  tide  ; 

Unchecked  by  danger,  billow,  strife  or  fear, 

’Till  onward  ever  in  our  grand  career 
We  have  emblazoned  our  loved  country’s  name 
Upon  the  highest  p’nnacle  of  fame. 

’Tis  startling  to  the  mind  to  cast  around, 

And  view  our  progress  in  a single  bound. 

Those  live  who  saw  us  as  a feeble  child ; 

Who  saw  our  land,  uncultivated,  wild ; 

Who  saw  few  states,  all  on  the  Atlantic  shore ; 

Few  farms ; towns  few — supplied  from  meagre  store — 
But  who  beheld  a faithful,  earnest  corps, 

Destined  to  make  their  mark  in  future  lore. 

And  now,  what  do  they  see  ? A broad  expanse, 
Advanced  so  rapidly  that  e’en  romance 
Would  scarce  accept  the  tale — a nation  grown 


41 

To  span  a wide  spread  continent  as  its  own. 

They  see  strong  workmen  on  a thousand  plains, 

With  implements  improved  for  larger  gains ; 

They  see  a thousand  mines  exposed  to  view, 

Offering  the  riches  which  our  mountains  strew  ; * 

They  see  in  every  harbor,  lake  and  stream, 

A hundred  noble  ships  propelled  by  steam  ; 

They  see  in  rapid  stride  the  railroad  train, 

Traversing  every  valley,  mountain,  plain  ; 

They  see  the  telegraph,  with  lightning  speed, 

Coursing  the  country  on  its  wiry  steed ; 

They  see,  by  strides  to  ages  past  unknown, 

A thousand  towns  to  vast  proportions  grown  ; 

They  see  their  land  of  unpretentious  birth, 

Exalted  to  the  noblest  rank  in  earth. 

THE  OVATION. 

A nation  now,  acknowledged  by  the  world, 

Of  fame  scarce  equalled,  and  with  flag  unfurled, 

We  celebrate  our  glorious  natal  hour, 

Our  growth,  our  freedom,  brotherhood,  our  power. 

And  not  alone  do  we  our  altars  raise, 

In  fervid. thanks  in  these  triumphal  days : 

For  many  nations  join  around  our  shrine, 

In  honor  to  Columbia,  divine. 

Britannia,  proud  queen,  in  gracious  mood, 

Reclothed  in  all  the  charms  of  motherhood, 

Comes  to  congratulate,  in  accents  mild, 

The  glories  of  her  freedom  loving  child. 

Comes  France,  our  faithful  friend  in  direst  need, 

Who,  with  strong  hand,  showed  brotherhood  indeed ; 

Comes  Germany  ; comes  Russia  ; Turkey,  too, 

On  Freedom’s  shores  old  friendships  to  renew  ; 

Comes  Austria,  Italy,  Greece,  Papal  See ; 

E’en  China  comes,  to  mingle  with  the  free ; 

Comes  young  Brazil,  Don  Pedro  in  command, 

To  view  the  wonders  wrought  by  freedom’s  hand  ; 

Comes  Mexico,  and  in  the  sweeping  train, 

With  graceful  bearing,  comes  old  mother  Spain. 

Why  this  grand  rush  to  young  Columbia’s  realm, 

As  if  our  swelling  hearts  to  overwhelm  ? 

Why  come  proud  monarchies  in  rich  array, 

On  this,  our  soul  inspiring,  festal  day  ? 

42 


They  come  because  they  honor  our  swift  strides 
Towards  supremacy,  ’gainst  floods  and  tides ; 

Because  they  see  in  Freedom’s  lines  a star 
Of  splendor,  lighting  countries  near  and  far ; 

Because  the  greatest  can  but  honor  right, 

As  more  divine  than  wealth  or  lordly  might. 

Blessed  day  ! A grandly  thriving  people  now, 

Stand  forth  to  register  a sacred  vow — 

To  guard  the  flag  that  o’er  our  country  flows, 

And  in  our  homes  the  light  of  peace  bestows. 

They  meet  from  distant  points,  to  notes  compare  ; 

To  mutual,  cordial  gratulations  share  ; 

They  meet  in  glowing  health  to  view  the  past, 

In  glory  shining,  yet  with  clouds  o’ercast : 

They  meet  to  view  the  present,  brilliant,  clear ; 
Fanned  by  a balmy,  strength’ning  atmosphere  ; 

They  meet,  each  his  improvements  to  reveal ; 

True  hands  to  shake  and  plighted  faith  to  seal ; 

They  meet,  a prosperous  reunion  band 
In  proud  devotion  to  their  hallowed  land. 

Be  this  Centennial  a beacon  light, 

To  guide  lost  wanderers  through  the  darksome  night ; 
And  let  its  glories  be  but  the  prelude 
To  others  reaching  to  infinitude. 


ORATION  IN  SPANISH. 


Br  JUDGE  EDMUND  F.  DUNNE. 


[Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  reading  of  the  Declaration  in  Span- 
ish and  the  interlude  of  music  by  the  band,  Judge  Dunne,  being 
next  on  the  programme,  arose  and  addressed  the  audience  in  the 
Spanish  language ; but  his  oration  has  not  been  furnished  in  En- 
glish for  incorporation  here.  All  those  present  acquainted  with 
the  beautiful  and  copious  language  in  which  the  orator  spoke,  unite 
in  admiring  the  elegant  Castilian  in  which  he  portrayed  the  heroic 
annals  of  Spain  and  the  Spaniards  and  the  eloquence  and  excellence 
of  the  effort.] 


43 


TOASTS  AND  RESPONSES. 


[The  sentiments  and  responses  according  to  the  programme  were 
to  be  in  both  the  English  and  Spanish  languages,  and  they  were  so 
announced  and  made.  Only  the  responses  delivered  in  English  are  here 
reproduced  however.  The  associate  respondents  to  the  respective 
toasts  were  General  Atkinson  and  Don  Clemente  P.  Ortiz,  Captain 
Pratt  and  Judge  Antonio  Ortiz  y Salazar,  General  Hatch  and  Major 
Jos6  D.  Sena,  Mr.  Catron  and  Don  Vicente  Garcia,  Mr.  Fiske  and 
Don  Trinidad  Alarid  and  Mr.  Gildersleeve  and  Don  Jose  B.  Ortiz.] 


THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.” 


By  GENERAL  H.  M.  ATKINSON. 


Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : 

HE  office  of  President  at  the  birth  of  the  republic  was  surrounded 
with  difficulties  and  embarrassed  by  responsibilities  of  such  a 
character  that  even  a Washington  accepted  the  trust  imposed 
upon  him  by  three  millions  of  people  with  many  misgivings  as  to  the 
success  of  his  administration. 

Our  form  of  government  was  then  an  experiment,  and  the  Chief 
Executive  had  no  idle  task  to  perform  in  administering  the  new  and 
onerous  duties  of  his  office.  Grave  as  were  the  responsibilities 
of  President  at  that^ime,  when  the  nation  was  composed  of  a popula- 
tion of  less  than  three  millions  of  people,  how  much  greater  are  they 
now  with  nearly  forty-five  millions  of  people,  scattered  over  a vast  in- 
crease of  territory,  with  a diversity  of  interests,  enlarged,  comensurate 
with  the  growth  of  the  republic.  With  perhaps  one  or  two  exceptions 
the  office  has  been  filled  creditably  by  representatives  of  the  various 
dominant  political  parties,  and  in  general  the  American  people  can 
refer  with  pride  to  the  record  of  those  upon  whom  a free  people  have 
conferred  the  distinguished  honor  of  Chief  Executive. 

Somewhere  in  the  speculative  writings  of  the  ancient  Greeks, 
the  highest  post  of  political  honor  is  accorded  to  him  who  rules  with 


44 

justice  over  a free  city.  This  saying  is  full  of  practical  wisdom  to  the 
American  people,  and  it  readily  occurs  to  us  who  live  under  the  pro- 
tection of  a republican  form  of  government,  that  one  of  the  most  diffi- 
cult and  perplexing  positions  to  which  man  can  aspire  in  political  life 
is  the  Chief  Magistracy  of  a republic,  each  of  whose  citizens  feels  that 
he  is  the  peer  of  his  chief  and  entitled  to  the  same  privileges  and 
rights  of  person  and  property. 

To  harmonize  the  conflicting  interests  and  passions,  and  so  govern 
as  to  win  the  applause  of  even  his  own  partizans,  is  a most  difficult 
task,  and  one  which  few  men  are  capable  of  performing. 

Great  as  the  difficulties  have  been  that  have  surrounded  the  office 
I doubt  if  in  all  history  can  be  shown  a long  line  of  chief  magistrates 
or  rulers  of  any  nation,  who  have  continuously  and  for  nearly  a cen- 
tury ruled  with  such  satisfaction  to  any  people  as  have  the  various 
Presidents  of  the  United  States,  and  of  these  whom  we  delight  to 
honor,  none  has  been  more  faithful  to  his  high  trust  as  president  than 
U.  S.  Grant.  Emerging  from  an  humble  and  unpretending  life  at  the  call 
of  his  country  in  the  hour  of  her  peril,  he  has  by  his  own  merit  and 
ability  attained  the  most  honorable  and  distinguished  position  in  the 
gift  of  a great  and  free  people.  The  unassuming  manner  which  char- 
acterized his  life  as  a private  citizen  followed  him  through  his  military 
career,  while  commanding  the  federal  troops  in  the  midst  of  the  recent 
conflict,  and  nowhere  has  that  modest  demeanor  been  more  notice- 
able than  during  his  seven  years  occupancy  of  the  presidential  chair. 

Victorious  in  war,  and  generous  in  peace,  great  as  a general  yet 
still  greater  as  a statesman,  at  a time  when  the  nation  was  recovering 
from  the  results  of  a terrible  civil  war,  when  the  hearts  of  the  late 
contestants  were  burdened  with  the  discord  resultant  from  the  long 
strife,  he  stood  like  a rock,  stemming  the  angry  waves  of  passion  and 
hate  that  sought  to  overwhelm  him,  and  has  so  ordered  his  acts  that 
even  his  enemies  can  find  naught  against  him,  and  the  future  histor- 
ian will  record  him  as  one  of  the  ablest  of  generals  and  wisest  of  states- 
men. 


45 


THE  CENTENNIAL  BIRTHDAY  OF  AMERICA:  MAY  !T 
PROVE  THE  FIRST  OF  UNNUMBERED  CENTENNIALS* 


By  HON.  JOHN  PRATT. 


Mr.  President,  Fellow  Citizens  : 
j ODAY,  in  city,  town  and  hamlet,  from  New  England’s  ocean- 


beaten  shores  to  the  waving  forests  of  Oregon,  from  the  semi- 


tropic waters  of  the  Gulf  to  the  breezy  lakes  of  the  North, 
from  the  golden  sands  of  California  to  the  white  fields  of  Georgia  and 
the  Carolinas,  leaving  the  labors  of  the  work-shop  and  the  counting 
house,  the  bench,  the  bar,  and  the  pulpit,  from  the  mine  and  the 
foundry,  the  forest  and  farm,  come  more  than  forty  millions  of  free 
people  to  exult  in  one  hundred  accomplished  years  of  national  exis- 
tence, growth  and  prosperity,  and  to  utter  the  wish  just  expressed. 

We  celebrate  today  no  triumph  of  arms,  where  all  that- was  won 
was  a province  wrested  from  one  allegience  to  another  equally  hard 
and  hated,  no  single  fame  earned  at  the  cost  of  thousands  of.  innocent 
lives  and  years  of  useless  suffering,  no  false  and  tinsel  glory  that  per- 
ished with  the  wearer. 

We  are  assembled  to  commemorate  the  enunciation  of  what  are 
today  living  principles,  left  not  behind  by  the  world  in  its  advance- 
ment as  useless,  worn-out  motives  of  action,  but  principles  which  the 
knowledge  and  experience  of  years  better  enable  us  to  approximate 
to  a comprehension  of  their  truth  and  justice,  their  essentiality  to 
national  well  being. 

While  we  hold  in  grateful  remembrance  the  honored  names  of 
those  who  were  wise  in  planning,  forcible  and  eloquent  in  advocating, 
and  brave  and  skillful  in  executing,  during  the  trying  years  of  the 
nation’s  birth,  yet  the  great  cause  for  which  they  counselled  and  fought 
overshadows  while  it  brightens  their  fame. 

Time  but  adds  new  lustre  to  their  laurels,  and  the  world  con- 
stantly growing  to  a fuller  appreciation  of  their  wisdom,  bravery  and 
self-sacrifice,  the  studied  phrase  of  eulogy  is  less  needed  year  by  year, 
for  those  names  in  whose  sound 

* * * there  is  a charm 

The  nerves  to  brace,  the  heart  to  warm. 


46 

The  justification  which  they  gave  to  the  world  for  their  appeal 
to  arms  set  forth  principles  too  broad,  too  general,  too  well  grounded 
in  right  in  truth,  too  applicable  to  all  times  and  to  all  nations,  to  be 
confined  to  these  shores,  to  this  people.  “ They  builded  wiser  than 
they  knew,”  and  they  not  merely  founded  a nation  and  a government 
for  themselves  and  their  posterity,  but  they  demonstrated  to  the  world 
the  possibility  of  safely  merging  into  one  class  the  governing  and  the 
governed,  and  the  consequent  identity,  mutuality  and  protection  of 
all  interests  in  the  action  of  government  . 

The  men  of  1776  have  passed  away,  but  the  nation  and  the  gov- 
ernment founded  and  formed  by  them  still  stand,  and  we  of  this  time 
assuredly  have  duties  for  its  preservation  as  surely  as  had  they  in  their 
inception  and  formation. 

From  the  first  there  have  been  in  our  country,  few  in  number 
but  noisily  and  noisomely  prominent,  classes,  not  resultant  from  our  in- 
stitutions, not  accordant  with  the  character  of  our  people. 

The  debauched,  howling  “ striker  ” vending  his  vote  at  the  polls 
like  wares  in  the  market,  the  .dishonest  official  busy  only  in  the  ad- 
vancement of  his  own  mean  personal  profit,  the  ignorant,  uncultured 
imbecile  vainly  striving  to  cloak  in  the  importance  of  official  station 
his  uncouth  inefficiency : these  have,  in  former  years  as  now,  given  to 
many  good  and  thoughtful  men,  who  failed  to  see  that  present  evils 
are  always  apparently  greatest  in  degree,  prevalance  and  power,  ap- 
prehensions for  the  purity,  for  the  perpetuity  of  our  institutions. 

Their  apprehensions  we  may  easily  believe  are  unfounded,  for 
these  are  but  accidents,  excresences. 

They  are  but  the  bubbling  scum,  that  thrown  to  the  surface 
seethes  and  simmers  for  a time  in  pretentious  and  offensive  activity 
but  to  decay  and  pass  away,  leaving  the  great  body  below  solid  and 
sweet,  pure  and  powerful. 

They  are  not  representative  citizens,  not  representative  public 
servants.  No  ! They  are  types  of  classes  as  small  as  they  are  loud, 
weak  and  vicious,  and  soon  descend  to  the  visible  degradation  or  hidden 
obscurity  they  so  richly  merit. 

Their  presence  however  admonishes  us  the  more  carefully  to  con- 
sider that  in  a government  like  ours  we  have  not  only  privileges  to 
enjoy  but  duties  to  perform,  perhaps  sacrifices  to  make. 

„ 

47 


Wishes  without  works  are  hut  futile ; and  accomplished  or  re- 
tained good  is  seldom  had,  save  with  duty  done. 

Every  American  therefore,  the  honest,  intelligent  private  citizen 
versed  in  his  country’s  history,  and  the  nature  of  its  institutions,  in 
casting  his  ballot,  every  public  servant,  trained  and  cultured  in  honesty, 
wisely  and  efficiently  discharging  his  official  functions,  every  journalist 
fully  appreciating  that  the  press  should  be  the  reflector,  the  exponent, 
the  demonstrator  of  the  always  existing,  and  always  prevalent  right, 
good  and  true  public  sentiment,  the  preacher  in  the  pulpit,  the  edu- 
cator of  youth,  all  these  and  others  in  their  stations  should  be  always 
actively  conscious  of  the  pressing  duty  of  sacredly  guarding  the  trust 
placed  in  their  hands,  always  watchfully  careful  to  see  that  it  is  not 
suffered  to  dim  or  decay. 

So  with  the  glorious  memories  of  the  past  shall  be  mingled  the 
solid  satisfaction,  the  bright  assurance  of  the  future. 

Then  shall  Columbia’s  Centennials  cease  only  in  the  years  that 
bring  the  full  fruition  of  the  invocation  “ on  earth  peace,  good  will 
towards  men,”  when  the  anniversary  of  her  natal  day  becomes  the 
world’s  festal  season,  shall  see  the  assembled  nations  of  the  earth  re- 
joicing in  that  true,  orderly,  rational  liberty  of  which  she  has  been 
the  originator,  the  organizer,  the  fair  examplar. 


“THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.” 

By  GENERAL  EDWARD  HATCH. 


g^S^HE  Army  and  Navy  of  our  country  created  in  the  interest  of 
A|j  human  rights  a century  ago,  was  then  as  now,  from  the  peo- 
ple and  of  the  people. 

A citizen  transformed  into  the  soldier  to  do  battle  for  the  Repub- 
lic in  its  youth,  as  now  to  die  in  defense  of  its  honor  in  the  nation’s 
manhood. 

With  all  nations  we  recognize  the  need  of  an  army,  and  as  all 
have  a voice  in  our  government,  we  honor  those  interested  to  preserve 
the  integrity  of  our  territory  and  to  preserve  inviolate  its  flag  on 
every  sea. 


48 


The  nation  may  well  be  proud  of  its  army  and  navy.  One  hun- 
dred years  ago  the  world  recognized  the  valor  of  its  soldiers  and  sailors, 
acknowledged  the  genius  of  its  leaders.  It  was  because  we  were  then 
as  now  an  energetic,  intelligent,  courageous  people.  That  the  Republic 
was  possible  and  today  a fact . To  have  accomplished  our  first  Cen- 
tennial the  army  and  navy  in  sufferings  and  triumphs  have  had  their 
proper  place.  This  achievement  is  their  eulogy,  none  other  is  required. 
Of  those  who  went  to  the  field  their  deeds  live  in  the  hearts  of  the 
nation — there  they  will  live  forever,  whether  they  fell  or  returned  there 
is  no  need  to  speak.  The  Republic  looks  back  upon  them  in  pride  and 
gratitude. 

It  was  inevitable  that  a people  cradled  to  freedom  in  conflicts 
with  an  unjust  power,  her  sons  invigorated  by  the  ocean,  hardened 
almost  to  invincibility  by  a struggle  against  human  despotism,  should 
be  foremost  today  among  the  nations  in  development  of  political,  re- 
ligious and  commercial  freedom,  and  that  her  army  and  navy  should 
furnish  ability  of  the  highest  order  in  her  commanders.  As  long  as 
the  Republic  lives  will  her  army  exist,  (war  is  the  condition  of  the 
world),  so  but  adjusted  and  distributed  is  this  power  in  our  nation  its 
guardian  always,  never  its  master. 

Though  America  has  lately  emerged  from  war  with  an  enormous 
debt,  scarcely  purchasing  tranquility  with  fearful  loss  of  life,  she  re- 
joices in  the  glory  of  her  arms — proud  of  the  valor  of  her  sons. 

That  with  the  evils  following  the  sword  comes  many  virtues. 
For  the  soldier  who  would  achieve  greatness  and  bring  honor  to  his 
country,  must  exercise  the  virtues  inculcated  by  our  mothers,  (dearer 
than  life  to  the  American  soldier)  honor  fortitude,  courage,  obedience, 
modesty  and  temperance,  with  love  of  country,  which  stimulates  the 
brave  man’s  patriotism,  and  is  a corrective  to  the  rich  man’s  pride, 
imbued  with  the  precepts  of  our  constitution,  our  army  will,  in  com- 
ing centuries,  secure  the  country  from  foes  without,  and  guarantee 
tranquility  within. 


49 


“THE  WOMEN  OF  AMERICA.” 


By  HON.  THOMAS  B.  CATRON. 


[Not  having  a copy  of  Mr.  Catron’s  remarks  they  are  only  re- 
ferred to  here.  The  speaker  claimed  and  eloquently  maintained  that 
since  the  creation  women  have  occupied  a very  distinguished  position 
in  the  history  of  the  world,  and  that  they  deserved  all  the  honors  that 
had  been  showered  upon  them.  In  no  nation  under  heaven  had  the 
influence  of  good  women  been  crowned  with  so  much  enduring  glory 
as  in  ours.  He  gave  them  an  exalted  niche  in  the  temple  of  fame  for 
giving  to  the  world  the  notable  day  and  the  glorious  men  of  a hundred 
years  ago.  It  was  to  the  mothers,  daughters  and  sisters  of  the  revo- 
lutionary times  that  we  owe  a debt  of  gratitude  for  giving  to  us  the 
blessings  of  freedom  and  good  government'  then  and  now,  and  cited 
his  audience  to  the  history  of  all  the  republics  that  have  ever  existed 
— especially  to  Mexico — as  exemplars  of  the  influence  of  good  women 
in  guiding  to  fame  and  greatness.  He  claimed  that  like  the  perpetual 
order  of  Nature  women  never  change.  Today  they  are  the  guiding 
stars  of  this  nation  as  they  were  a hundred  years  ago.  As  in  the  dim 
and  distant  ages,  they  labor  on  the  same  today  for  the  good  of  human- 
ity and  in  the  cause  of  G-od.  He  maintained  that  the  men  of  our 
land,  particularly,  should  feel  eminently  grateful  to  the  gentler  sex  ; 
that  filial  love  and  unceasing  devotion  is  their  due ; ‘ and  that  while  we 
give  undying  honors  to  the  women  of  the  revolution,  those  of  the  pres- 
ent day — among  them  many  of  the  fair  Castilian  race  in  America — 
should  not  be  overlooked.  The  speech  was  well  received,  and  was 
appreciated  as  an  eloquent  tribute  to  woman  and  to  her  influence  and 
potency  as  a prime  power  in  the  affairs  of  the  world.] 

* 

# 

“WASHINGTON,  THE  FATHER  OF  HIS  COUNTRY.” 


IN  SILENCE. 


50 


“SPAIN,  THE  MOTHER  COUNTRY  OF  THE  CASTILIAN 
RACE  IN  AMERICA.” 

By  EUGENE  A.  FISKE,  ESQ. 


Mr.  President  and  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : 

HETHER  we  would  examine  the  literature  of  Spain,  com- 
mencing with  the  philosopher  Seneca  and  thence  descending 
throughout  the  middle  ages,  when  Spain  was  the  objective 
point  of  the.  pilgrims  of  learning  of  all  Europe,  to  Cervantes  and  the 
host  of  honored  names  of  more  moderm  times ; whether  we  would 
inquire  into  her  contributions  to  # science  or  her  place  in  the  world  of 
art  under  the  leadership  of  Murillo  and  Velasques ; whether  we  would 
consider  her  manufactories'  from  that  remote  period  when  the  silks  of 
Seville  and  Granada,  the  cloth  of  Murcia  and  the  arms  of  Toledo 
ranked  first  in  the  commercial  marts  of  the  world  ; whether  we  would 
examine  into  the  wealth  of  her  natural  resources  or  the  customs  and 
manners  of  her  people  for  the  centuries  since  she  has  been  a great 
nation,  or  whether  we  would  seek  to  know  of  the  successes  of  her 
armies  in  war  or  of  her  statesmen  in  peace ; to  whichever  of  these 
sources  of  greatness  in  a nation  we  turn,  the  field  of  information 
widens  out  before  us  covered  with  such  abundant  harvest  that  even 
a brief  mention  of  either  of  them  cannot  be  made  in  the  moment  al- 
lotted for  a response  to  this  sentiment. 

We  must  therefore  leave  these  inquiries  for  other  occasions  to 
the  patient  seeker  after  the  useful,  the  beautiful  and  the  grand  in  the 
records  of  the  past ; but,  upon  this  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  natal  day  of  our  independence,  standing  erect  in  the  full  con- 
sciousness that  we  are  free  and  offering  thanks  for  the  blessings  of 
liberty,  there  is  one  portion  of  the  history  of  Spain  which  we  cannot 
overlook  without  the  sin  of  ingratitude.  I need  not  tell  you  that  the 
period  to  which  I refer  was  that  age  when  the  names  and  the  acts  of 
the  sons  of  Spain  upon  this  continent  were  so  deeply  graven  i^pon  the 
book  of  fame  that  they  will  endure  and  grow  brighter  with  the  growth 
and  advancement  of  civilization — when  they  conquered  and  gave 
America  to  be  the  home  of  freemen  and  the  asylum  of  the  op- 
pressed of  the  whole  great  brotherhood  of  mankind. 


/ 


51 

The  record  of  that  age  reads  like  romance  so  wonderful  seems  to 
us  in  these  matter-of-fact  times,  the  achievements  of  the  handful  of 
men  who  victoriously  carried  the  name  of  Spain  and  the  Christian 
religion  into  the  heart  of  a new  continent  then  swarming  with  a 
strange  and  hostile  people.  But  it  is  not  romance  : it  is  history,  but 
the  history  of  no  common  race.  It  is  the  history  of  a brave,  gener- 
ous and  enlightened  people,  in  whose  veins  flowed  the  turbulent 
blood  of  the  Iberian,  the  Celt,  the  Goth,  the  Vandal  and  the  Arabian, 
mellowed  by  the  best  blood  of  ancient  Home  and  Carthage  ; whose 
ancestors  in  the  youth  of  civilization,  undisciplined  as  they  were,  had 
fought  against,  and  for  many  years  held  at  bay,  the  invading  legions 
of  imperious  Home  when  Rome  was  the  proud  mistress  of  the  world  ; 
whose  ancestors  five  centuries  later  under  Euric  the  visigoth,  had 
put  an  end  to  the  Roman  empire  in  what  is  now  Spain  ; whose  ances- 
tors had  offered  up  their  lives  in  the  storm  of  battle  under  Roderick 
the  last  of  the  Gothic  kings  and  marched  to  victory  with  Pelayo  and 
the  immortal  Cid,  and  who,  themselves,  with  the  record  of  such  an 
ancestry  to  stir  up  longings  for  renown  in  arms,  had  been  bred  and 
nurtured  to  deeds  of  valor  on  the  fields  and  in  the  passes  of  Granada. 

These  were  the  dauntless  men  who  [eaving  home  and  kindred 
sailed  unto  an  unknown  gcean  in  quest  of  that  land  of  which  their 
tidings  were  as  vague  and  shadowy  as  the  winds  that  filled  their  sails, 
who  with  Ponce  de  Leon  sought  for  the  fountain  of  eternal  youth  in 
the  morrasses  and  on  the  flower-clad  hills  of  Florida,  who  first  of 
Europeans  beheld  the  scarlet  gleam  of  the  setting  sun  sinking  behind 
the  broad  and  peaceful  Pacific,  and  who,  hurling  themselves  like  the 
whirlwind  against  the  fierce  and  warlike  natives,  planted  the  Cross  in 
the  virgin  mould  of  the  forest  and  on  the  wide  and  fertile  plains  of  a 
new  world  for  the  honor  of  Ferdinand,  of  Isabella  and  of  Spain,  for 
the  good  of  posterity  and  for  the  glory  of  the  ever-living  God  they 
worshipped. 

The  thunder* of  the  cannon  and  the  clamor  of  the  trumpets  of  old 
Spain  no  longer  awake  the  echos  in  the  hills  of  America,  for  the  de- 
scendents  of  the  conquerors  have  acquired  what  their  heroic  sires, 
bound  by  the  iron  bands  of  custom,  centuries  qjd,  could  not  achieve 
— free  governments.  But  the  deeds  of  the  noble  dead,  to  whom  the 

52 


mysteries  of  the  future  are  no  longer  mysteries,  and  who  in  life  walked, 
with  unshaken  fortitude,  side  by  side  with  the  grim  specters  of  Famine 
and  of  Death  that  they  might  redeem  this  continent,  still  live  in 
memory,  for  the  voice  of  Truth,  speaking  from  the  pages  of  history, 
speaks  louder  than  the  voices  of  men  continually  reminding  us  of  the 
debt  we  owe  to  the  departed  heroes  who  bequeathed  to  us  the  soil  upon 
which  we  now  celebrate,  where,  unfettered  by  monarchical  traditions  and 
power,  it  is  possible  that  the  genius  of  Liberty,  who  presides  at  the 
birth  of  every  man,  may  watch  over  and  guard  him  until  the  gray 
twilight  of  his  life  when  his  soul  passes  up  into  the  presence  of  his  Creator, 
While  we  pay  our  homage  to  the  fathers  of  the  Republic  let  us 
salute  Spain,  the  glorious  mother  of  the  conquerors  and  of  the  Casti- 
lian race  in  America. 


“THE  AMERICAN  UNION:  ESTO  PERPETUA.” 

By  CHARLES  H.  GXLDERSLEEVE,  ESQ. 


Mr.  President  and  Fellow  Citizens  : 

DOUBT  if  there  is  a heart  in  the  United  States,  today,  that  is 
ever  filled  with  the  proud  feeling  of  patriotism  but  what  it 
palpitates  with  a responsive  throb  at  the  sentiment,  “ May 
our  Union  be  perpetual.”  Born  one  hundred  years  ago  amid  the 
tumult  and  confusion  of  a revolutionary  strife  whose  annals  are  un- 
paralleled in  the  pages  of  history,  with  barely  sufficient  supporters  to 
beat  off  oppression’s  ruthless  power,  it  now  stands  up  boldly  and  defies 
the  world.  This  day  forty  million  of  freemen  worship  at  its  shrine, 
and  with  one  voice  that  resounds  like  the  continuous  unbroken  chain 
of  great  thunders  from  Maine  to  California,  from  the  lakes  of  the 
North  to  the  Gulf  of  the  South,  exclaim,  “ My  our  Union  be  per- 
petual.” Founded  on  just  and  honest  principles ; built  by  the  mighty 
and  combined  strength  of  national  industry  and  independence ; ce- 
mented by  the  s^veat  and  blood  of  our  forefathers,  success  has  crowned 
all  its  efforts  in  peace  and  in  war  ; naught  but  the  clarion  shout  of 
victory,  victory  ! has  followed  in  its  wake  since  Freedom  gave  it  birth. 


53 


Our  Union  ! Its  very  name  fills  the  soul  of  every  true  patriot 
with  rapturous  enthusiasm.  The  asylum  of  thfe  oppressed  and  down- 
trodden of  all  nations,  where  the  heart  throws  all  its  fetters  off,  and 
the  unburdened  mind  is  a‘s  free  as  the  winds  that  play  round  the 
cloud-capped  peaks  of  yonder  mountain  chain. 

“ May  our  Union  be  perpetual !”  May  its  noonday  never  dar- 
ken till  all  records  of  valor  and  nations  are  ground  into  eternity’s 
dust ! May  its  golden  sunlight  never  grow  dim  till  the  fiat  of  time, 
till  the  sun  of  heaven  itself  doth  die. 

«h»«« 

THE  CELEBRATION. 


is  deemed  proper  to  append  to  the  foregoing  collection  of 
-jrW  speeches,  etc.,  a brief  review  of  the  great  popular  celebration 
at  Santa  Fe  which  was  the  occasion  of  their  utterance.  As 
it  was  the  celebration  of  the  first  centennial  birthday  of  the  American 
republic,  a republic  now  the  recognj^ed  principal  in  the  great  common- 
wealth of  nations,  the  citizens  of  the  capital  of  New  Mexico  in  mass 
convention  had  resolved  to  make  their  preparations  for  it  on  a scale 
proportionately  commensuate  with  those  of  the  most  oppulent  and 
patriotic  cities  in  the  land.  Indeed  the  published  programme  of  pro- 
ceedings indicated  a demonstration  unprecedentedly  comprehensive 
and  grand  for  Santa  Fe  ; and,  should  this  record  of  it  perchance  be 
preserved  to  the  second  of  the  centennials  contemplated  in  the  last 
stanza  of  Colonel  Huggins’  poem,  the  then  denizens  of  Santa  Fe  may 
thereby  have  an  idea  of  how  the  occasion  was  here  observed  a hun- 
dred years  before. 

At  dawn  on  the  Fourth  a salute  of  thirteen  rounds  from  the 
twelve-pound  brass  cannon  at  Fort  Marcy  ushered  in  the  glorious  day 
always  welcome  to  the  American  people,  and  on  this  occasion  doubly 
welcome  at  the  thought  that  it  was  the  first  and  very  probably  the 
last  and  the  only  centennial  day  any  of  them  would  ever  witness.  At 
an  early  hour  a large  concourse  of  people  from  all  over  the  city  and 
from  the  country  began  to  assemble  upon*  the  plaza.  Almost  every 
place  of  public  and  private  business  and  numerous  residences  in  the 


54 

city  had  thrown  the  Starspangled  Banner  to  the  breeze.  The  day 
opened  and  continued  beautiful  and  delightful.  At  the  hour  pre- 
scribed, half-past  eight  o’clock,  the  chief  marshal  and  his  assistants 
were  observed  busy  in  forming  the  procession  on  the  north  side  of  the 
plaza.  This  was  soon  accomplished,  and  the  great  mass  of  many  and 
varied  constituents  and  concomitants  marched  from  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  the  plaza,  through  sundry  streets  to  the  north  and  west,  and 
back  into  the  plaza  at  the  southwest  corner.  As  it  proceeded  the 
main  object  of  interest  was  perhaps  the  Car  of  Independence,  a large 
government  ambulance  tastefully  and  appropriately  prepared,  and 
drawn  by  six  tremendous  black  mules  with  a groom  at  the  head  of 
each.  The  car,  pyramidal  in  shape,  was  large  and  commodious, 
having  a wide  base  projecting  over  the  wheels  of  the  vehicle,  and 
upon  its  top  waved  the  Stars  and  Stripes  from  a tall  aspen  pole.  Upon 
the  projecting  base  were  seated  thirty-nine  young  girls,  little  beauties, 
representing  all  the  States  of  the  Union  and  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  each  flourishing  a miniature  national  banner  bearing  the 
name  of  the  State  she  represented,  and  each  evincing  a patriotic  pride 
in  her  character  as  the  representative  of  a portion  of  the  mightiest 
commonwealth  of  the  world.  All  were  arrayed  in  the  purest  white, 
with  wreaths  of  flowers  on  the  forehead  and  with  red,  white  and  blue 
sashes  and  badges  upon  their  shoulders  and  breasts.  Upon  the  top 
of  the  car  as  it  moved  were  seen  standing  the  Goddess  of  Liberty, 
Uncle  Sam,  and  Young  America,  in  character.  The  Goddess  was 
personated  by  Miss  J.  Gracie  Shaw,  robed  in  snowy  white,  with  red 
sash  on  the  shoulder  and  blue  tiara  on  the  forehead  inscribed  with  the 
word  Liberty.  Brother  Jonathan  was  personated  by  Mr.  George 
N.  Davis,  full  six-feet-six  tall,  dressed  in  red,  white  and  blue  striped 
home-spun  goods,  long  swallow-tailed  coat,  stove-pipe  hat  wrapped 
around  with  ribbons,  and  breeches  with  long  straps  under  the  boots. 
Young  America,  represented  by  Master  Cyrus  Arny,  sported  a brown 
and  yellow  suit,  with  straw  hat  and  flag,  and  a streamer  bearing  in 
parti-colored  letters  the  name  Young  America.  The  names  of  the 
thirty-nine  young  Misses  before  referred  to,  and  of  the  States  they  so 
joyfully  represented-*-including  New  Mexico  pro  hac  vice — are  as 
follows  : 

55 

Luisa  Ortiz,  Alabama, 

Helena  Grunsfeid,  Arkansas, 

Kitty  Hudson,  California, 

Mabel  Loud,  Colorado, 

Adelaida  Ortiz,  Connecticut, 

Grace  Proudfit,  Delaware, 

Inez  Stevens,  Florida, 

Lula  Rice,  Georgia, 

Emma  Ross,  Illinois, 

Luz  Delgado,  Indiana, 

Tomasita  Lopez,  Iowa, 

Belle  Watts,  Kansas, 

Margarita  Tompkins,  Kentucky, 

Sailie  Grunsfeid,  Louisiana, 

Mary  Everett,  Maine, 

Anita  Johnson,  Maryland, 

Vicenta  Montoya,  Massachusetts, 

Kitty  Cosgrove,  Michigan, 

Mabel  Belcher,  Minnesota, 

Francisca  Tompkins,  Mississippi, 

Amada  Garcia,  Nebraska, 

Luz  Ortiz,  Nevada, 

Rosario  Ortiz,  Missouri, 

Bessie  Hatch,  New  Hampshire, 

Cleofes  Ortiz,  New  Jersey, 

Emma  Bitch,  Wisconsin, 

Isabella  Proudfit,  New  York, 

Eliza  Krummeck,  North  Carolina, 

Gertrude  Belcher,  Ohio, 

Felipa  Delgado,  Oregon, 

Florentina  Manderfield,  Pennsylvania, 

Melinda  Thayer,  Rhode  Island, 

Minerva  Krummeck,  South  Carolina, 

Magdalena  Delgado,  Tennessee, 

Josefa  Ellison,  Texas, 

Beatriz  Alarid,  Vermont, 

Lucy  Watts,  Virginia, 

Paulita  Lopez,  West  Virginia, 

Adelaida  Tucker,  New  Mexico.  , 

In  the  procession  were  General  Edward  Hatch  and  his  staff 
officers,  all  in  full  uniform  and  mounted  upon  splendid  horses,  and 
following  them  marched  company  “ I,”  of  the  15th  United  States 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Captain  Chambers  McKibbin  and  Lieut. 

• 

56 

Greorge  A.  Cornish.  There  were  three  bands  of  music — that  of  the 
9th  U.  S.  Cavalry  of  nineteen  instruments,  that  of  St.  Michael’s  Col- 
lege and  the  Mexican  Band  of  Santa  F6.  The  boys  composing  the 
college  band  were  in  uniform — dark  dress  with  shoulders  ornamented 
with  their  colors.  The  teachers  and  pupils  of  the  college  were  also 
out  in  force. 

Among  the  most  notable  features  of  the  procession  were  those  we 
shall  now  refer  to  in  the  order  of  their  appearance  in  the  line. 

Following  the  soldiers  came  the  boys  with  their  miniature  fire 
engine  and  hook  and  latter  apparatus,  decorated  with  arches  of  ever- 
greens and  flowers.  Master  George  C.  Wilder  appeared  as  Captain 
and  carried  the  trumpet.  The  little  fellows  were  in  uniform — red 
shirts,  black  caps  and  blue  and  white  pants. 

Next  came  the  crowd  of  Pueblo  Indians  (under  charge  of  Gov- 
ernor Arny) — a band  of  about  a hundred  grotesque  looking  creatures 
— men,  women  and  children,  dressed  in  their  peculiar  Indian  cos- 
tumes, and  many  of  them  bearing  the  wares  of  their  home  manufac- 
ture. They  presented  an  interesting  sight,  especially  to  those  who 
were  unaccustomed  to  seeing  such. 

After  the  Indians  followed  the  Donkey  Brigade.  They  were 
mounted  on  unbridled  burros , dressed  in  the  most  grotesque  masks 
and  costumes,  and  armed  with  sabres.  They  rode  their  little  beasts 
at  random ; and  the  novel  scene  reminded  one  of  Mark  Twain’s  cav- 
alcade to  Damascus. 

The  cigar  manufactory  of  Maurice  Trauer  & Co.  was  well  repre- 
sented by  a highly  ornamented  car,  with  the  workmen  busily  engaged 
in  the  moving  factory  manufacturing  cigars,  which  as  fast  as  made 
they  distributed  along  the  route  by  tossing  them  into  the  crowd. 

The  Bank  Exchange  saloon  of  Harry  Mottley  was  represented 
by  a gaily  dressed  car,  containing  a counter  and  its  appointments  of 
bottles,  kegs  and  tumblers,  with  representatives  from  the  establishment 
on  board. 

Another  large  and  commodiously  arranged  car  represented  the 
brewery  establishment  of  Probst  & Kirchner  in  full  blast,  fireplace 
and  all,  manufacturing  that  staple  article  and  favorite  drink,  lager 
beer.  The  vehicle  resembled  a huge  locomotive  with  smoke  rolling 
from  the  stack. 

57  ‘ 

Arriving  at  the  stand  in  the  plaza  the  procession  was  disbanded ; 
and  the  people  prepared  to  witness  the  proceedings  upon  the  platfoAu, 
a strong  and  spacious  plank  structure  erected  among  the  trees  in  the 
east  edge  of  the  park,  and  upon  which  were  now  seated  the  president, 
vicepresidents,  marshals,  members  of  the  various  committees,  orators, 
readers,  respondents,  poet,  goddess,  Uncle  Sam,  Young  America, 
General  Hatch  and  staff,  the  reporter  hereof  and  sundry  prominent 
citizens. 

After  the  opening  of  the  exercises  by  the  president  of  the  day 
he  announced  as  in  order  the  singing  of  the  Centennial  Hymn  com- 
posed for  the.  occasion,  which  was  done  by  the  whole  assembly,  most 
appropriately  to  the  tune  of  “ Old  Hundred.”  The  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  then  read  in  English  by  Judge  William  C.  Hazle- 
dine  and  in  Spanish  by  Captain  Jesus  Maria  Sena  y Baca.  The 
readers  executed  their  tasks  in  a manner  befitting  the  august  occasion, 
seeming  in  the  act  to  partake  of  the  spirit  of  the  immortal  document, 
presented  to  the  world  through  the  Continental  Congress  exactly  one 
hundred  years  ago.  Orations,  poem,  toasts  and  responses  then  fol- 
lowed by  the  gentlemen  and  in  the  order  indicated  in  the  foregoing 
publication  of  the  same.  The  bands  closed  the  morning  exercises 
with  music,  and  the  people  adjourned  to  their  homes  until  four 
o’clock  in  the  afternoon. 

At  four  o’clock  many  people  were  already  again  on  the  plaza, 
the  lad’es  and  children  occupying  the  piazzas  of  the  adjacent  two-story 
buildings.  The  amusement  committee  had  put  up  a tall  smooth  and 
well-greased -pole  in  the  street,  near  the  northwest  corner  of  the  plaza, 
and  also  arranged  for  other  sports.  Precisely  at  four  o’clock  the 
military  band  occupied  the  Pagoda,  the  Pueblo  Indians  deployed  in 
front  of  the  4‘  Palace,”  and  in  a few  moments  the  public  square,  the 
streets  on  its  four  sides,  the  sidewalks  and  balconies  were  filled  with 
people  of  all  ages  and  conditions  intent  on  seeing  the  fun,  the  lowest 
estimate  of  the  crowd  being  3000.  As  the  band  music  progressed 
the  Indians  struck  up  a lively  air  on  their  peculiar  primitive  instru- 
ments, with  their  11  war  dance  ” accompaniment,  and  the  old  men 
of  the  Pueblos  procured  several  large  lard  cans  for  musical  instru- 
ments, and  getting  together  the  women,  youths  and  children,  com- 


menced  what'they  called  their  “ corn  dance,”  a lively,  sinuous  pro- 
cedure of  shuffling  of  feet,  clapping  of  hands,  courtesying,  etc. 
Next  came  the  wheelbarrow  and  sack  races,  which  were  amusing  in 
the  highest  degree  and  created  rivulets  of  laughter.  Then  a race  by  a 
band  of  Pueblo  Indians,  three  times  around  the  plaza  with  the  tail  of 
their  only  garment  flying  in  the  breeze.  Then  a hurdle  race,  four 
hurdles,  by  well-known  Santa  Fe  athletes.  Then  a foot-race  from 
the  Statehouse  to  the  plaza,  by  Indian  and  Mexican  contestants,  with 
jumping,  etc.  This  occupied  the  time  until  about  six  o’clock,  when 
the  Pueblo  Indians  went  for  the  greased  pole  and  the  sack  of  silver 
said  to  be  on  top.  The  first  Indians  attempt  was  a failure  j the  second 
ditto ; the  third  likewise,  and  so  on  until  about  a dozen  had  pretty 
well  wiped  the  grease  off  to  about  half-way  to  the  top,  when  they 
concluded  to  try  strategy.  One  fellow  would  start  up,  then  another 
would  “ boost”  him,  until  about  a half  a dozen  were  strung  along, 
clinging  to'  their  slippery  perch,  when  the  bottom  man  would  lose  his 
grip  arid  the  whole  party  come  Scooting  to  the  bottom  in  a bunch. 
Then  another  party  tried  sand,  and  the  top  man  would  carry  up  sand 
in  his  shirt-tail  and  throw  it  above  him  on  the  pole  as  he  slowly  went 
up,  rubbing  off  the  grease  at  the  same  time  ; in  this  way  after  much 
labor  the  top  was  reached,  the  bag  grasped  and  brought  down,  when 
lo  ! instead  of  ten  silver  dollars,  as  the  Indians  had  been  informed, 
there  were  only  four.  Then  there  was  aheap  of  Indian  talk,  and  cuss- 
words  flowed  free.  At  this  juncture  the  committee  and  military  came 
to  the  rescue,  and,  in  consideration  of  the  labor  performed,  the  am- 
ount was  increased  to  $26,  much  to  the  delight  of  the  climbers.  By 
this  time  a summer  sun  was  sinking  behind  the  western  hills,  glint- 
ing the  azure  heavens  with  a halo  of  golden  rays,  when  another  rest 
was  taken. 

Precisely  at  9 o’clock,  p.  M.,  the  committee  on  fire-works  com- 
menced their  labors  near  the  Soldiers’  Monument,  and  while  the  mil- 
itary band  was  playing,  lively  and  patriotic  airs,  by  the  light  of  the 
lamps  in  the  Pagoda,  the  available  space  around  was  jammed  with  an 
anxious  mass  of  humanity,  who  had  assembled  to  witness  the  pyro- 
technics. Then  the  rockets  disturbed  the  quiet  stars ; the  roman 
candles  lit  up  the  night  with  colored  flame  ; Greek  fire  spirted  ; the 


59 


mines  exploded  to  the  alarm  of  the  spectators ; the  fire  wheels  sprin- 
kled fiery  sparks  on  the  green  turf,  while  the  fronts  and  tops  of  the 
surrounding  buildings  jetted  streams  of  spectral  light.  It  was  a 
brilliant  scene,  and  a fitting  closing  to  a grandly  spent  day.  The 
pieces  in  the  fire-display  deserving  especial  mention,  were  the  pictures 
of  Washington,  her  ladyship  the  Moon  in  full  face,  and  Venus,  the 
Evening  Star,  the  Passion  Cross — these  were  costly  and  beautiful 
displays. 

Thus  ended  the  celebration  of  the  great  Republic's  Centennial 
birthday  at  Santa  Fe — an  occasion  worthy  of  being  long  remembered 
as  one  of  pleasant  and  proud  recollections. 


“ FRANCE.” 

[By  an  oversight  on  the  part  of  the  Committee  on  Toasts  and 
Sentiments,  Columbia’s  most  true  and  steadfast  friend  in  her  time  of 
need,  fair,  sunny,  generous  France  was  entirely  left  out  of  the  list. 
A land  that  produced  a Lafayette  and  a Rochaiubeau the  patron  of  j 
art,  literature  and  science  ; the  land  of  revolutions,  courage  and  cour- 
tesy ; of  beauty  and  gallantry ; smiling  vineyards  and  glorious  monu- 
ments ; whose  people  are  ever  welcome  to  our  shores,  was  entitled  to 
more  than  a common-place  tribute  in  the  great  heart  of  her  sister 
Republic  on  the  anniversary  of  that  sister’s  Centennial  birthday. 
Welcome  freedom-loving  France !] 


“THE  PRESS.” 

I • 

Thou  mightiest  of  the  mighty  means, 

On  which  the  arm  of  Progress  leans, 

Man’s  noblest  mission  to  advance, 

Plis  woes  assauge,  his  weal  enhance, 

His  rights  enforce,  his  wrongs  redress — 
Mightiest  of  mighty  is  the  Press.” 


60 


“SUCCESS  TO  OUR  FLAG.’’ 


11  Success  to  the  Flag  of  our  Nation  ! 

Its  folds  all  around  us  be  spread  ! 

It  is  blazoned  with  deeds  of  the  valiant, 
And  sacred  with  names  of  the  dead. 

The  stars  are  the  symbol  of  Union  ! 

In  Union  they  ever  must  wave  ! 

The  white  is  the  emblem  of  honor, 

The  red  is  the  blood  of  the  brave. 

• Success  to  the  Flag  of  the  Nation  ! 

Let  it  sweep  o’er  the  land  and  the  sea ! 
The  shades  of  our  heroes  are  ’round  it, 
Beneath  it  the  ranks  of  the  Free, 

We  will  keep  its  young  glory  unsullied, 

In  the  ages  to  come,  as  the  past : 

Uprear  it  a beacon  of  Freedom, 

Unbowed  through  all  storms,  to  the  last.” 


“ NEW  MEXICO.” 


BY  AN  OLD  RESIDENT  OF  SANTA  FE. 


I love  that  land  of  brilliant  clime, 

As  bright  as  mortals  ever  know  ; 

* With  lovely  vales — and  hills  sublime — 
The  land  of  bright  New  Mexico. 

I love  thy  valleys  deep  and  green, 
Where  crystal  waters  laughing  flow, 
In  wild  romance — the  hills  between, 
The  green  vales  of  New  Mexico. 


61 


I love  the  plains  so  broad  and  free, 

Where  elk  and  deer  unfettered  go, 

With  tranquil  brook  and  lonely  tree, 

The  broad  plains  of  New  Mexico. 

I love  the  peaks  beyond  the  cloud, 

That  glisten  with  perennial  snow, 

The  glorious  summits  of  the  proud 
G-rand  sierras  of  New  Mexico. 

I love  the  hues  that  gild  the  west, 

At  even-tide,  with  supernal  glow, 

And  crown  the  hills  in  dazzling  crest, 

The  glorious  sun-set  of  New  Mexico. 

Idove  the  soft,  melodious  tongue, 

That  from  the  lips  doth  sweetly  flow, 
Like  strains  with  harp  and  timbrel  sung, 
The  sweet  voice  of  New  Mexico. 

I love  the  silence  deep  and  grand, 

Which  reigns  around,  above,  below, 
From  mountain  top  to  river  strand, 

The  solemn  stillness  of  New  Mexico. 

I love  the  skies,  so  fair,  so  bright, 

That  o’er  the  earth  their  radiance  throw, 
Serene  by  day,  so  grand  by  night, 

The  cerulean  skies  of  New  Mexico. 

Oh  ! I would  haste,  would  haste  away, 
More  swiftly  than  the  light  can  go, 

And  there  forever  fondly  stay, 

On  the  hills  of  dear  New  Mexico. 

Oh  ! Yes  beneath  that  gentle  sky, 

Where  moon  and  stars  so  softly  glow, 
There  I would  live,  there  I would  die — 

At  Santa  Fe,  in  grand  New  Mexico. 


62 


Then  bury  me  on  the  mountains  high, 

Thro;  vales  where  Ptio  Grande’s  waters  flow, 
Whose  summits  pierce  that  glorious  sky,  • 

The  Rocky  Mountains  of  New  Mexico. 


SANTA  FE  AS  A SANITARIUM  AND  PLEASURE  RESORT. 


By  WILL.  D.  DAWSON. 


UITE  a number  of  strangers  have  visited  Santa  Fe  thus  far 
during  the  Summer  for  health  and  pleasure,  and  both  parties 
seem  to  be  well  pleased.  Situated  as  we  are  6,<S4S 
feet  above  sea  level,  latitude  35°  41',  longitude  106°  10',  with  moun- 
tain and  plain  in  full  view,  the  location  is  beautiful  and  healthful.  In 
the  immediate  surroundings  the  level  plain  covered  with  a rich 
growth  of  cereals,  with  young  orchards  and  farm  houses  dotting  it  here 
and  there,  stretches  out  to  a considerable  distance  on  the  south  and 
west,  and  recedes  into  the  low  hills  on  the  north  and  east,  and  very 
nearly  all  under  cultivation.  Beyond  this,  in  the  distance,  the  moun- 
tains lift  their  eternal  heads  skyward,  clothed  with  verdure,  with 
vales  of  beauty  beneath,  and  sparkling  trout  streams  fringed  with  love- 
liness meandering  through  each. 

Santa  Fe,  the  ancient  and  beautiful  capital,  whose  history  runs 
far  back  into  the  centuries,  is  nestled  in  the  center  of  this  central 
scene,  and  in  the  center  of  it  is  centered  the  center  of  its  attractive- 
ness, the  public  park  or  plaza,  where  is  erected  the  Soldiers’  Monu- 
ment, a noble  tribute  to  the  heroes  of  New  Mexico  who  fell  in  battle, 
and  around  which  center,  shaded  walks  diverge  to  the  shaded  streets, 
and  grand  old  trees  throw  their  leafy  arches  over  this  center,  where 
centres  very  frequently’  the  beauty,  the  elite,  the  gallantry  of  the 
central  city  of  the  County,  and  Territory,  and  where  on  great  occas- 
ions, everybody,  his  wife  and  little  ones  find  a common  Renter,  the 
starry  banner,  as  the  central  figure,  waving  in  graceful  curves  over  all. 

But  we  commenced  this  item  for  the  purpose  of  calling  attention 
to  Santa  Fe  as  a health  and  pleasure  resort.  Its  markets  are . sup- 
plied with  fruits,  both  native  and  imported ; with  vegetables  as  tender 


63 

and  sweet  as  ever  dame  nature  nurtured ; with  meats,  domestic  and 
wild,  fat,  juicy  and  toothsome;  with  feathered  game  in  its  season; 
with  frog’s  legs  and  fish  all  the  year  round ; with  good  hotels  and 
restaurants ; with  talented,  kind-hearted  physicians  and  comfortable 
hospitals ; with  patient  and  attentive  nurses ; with  refined  and  social 
people ; with  mountains  where  deer,  elk  and  sheep  love  to  wander ; 
with  silvery  streams  abounding  with  the  sweetest  of  fish  ; with  trusty 
guides  and  old  excursionists  to  show  the  way  and  make  good  com- 
pany. With  a climate  incomparable  the  whole  year  round  for  even- 
ness, mildness  and  healthfulness.  With  nights  for  sleep  undisturbed 
by  heat  and  poisonous  insects.  With  sun-set  scenes  rivaling  Italy’s 
beautiful  skies.  With  noons  of  blue  and  golden  splendor.  With 
dawns  of  rainbow  tints,  dew-gemmed  and  sparkling.  With  newspa- 
pers, libraries,  telegraph  lines,  buck-boards,  ambulances  and  coaches. 
Easy  of  ingress  and  outgo  to  and  from  all  parts  of  creation.  Where 
can  be  seen  the  crude  civilization  of  the  past  and  the  progress  of  the 
present.  Where  the  Indians  are  as  gentle  as  doves,  and  the  military 
always  on  the  alert. 

In  a word,  Santa  Fe  is  a pleasant  place  for  both  the  health  and 
pleasure-seeker,  but  will  not  become  generally  patronized  as  such  un- 
til a line  of  railroad  connects  it  with  the  rest  of  the  world.  In  this 
fast  age  people  live  fast,  die  fast,  and  must  travel  fast — hence  Colo- 
rado has  been  getting  the  bulk  of  the  visiting  public  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  since  the  completion  of  her  railroads,  while  Santa  Fe  and 
other  desirable  portions  of  New  Mexico  have  been  somewhat  neglec- 
ted. But  they  are  coming,  and  the  plan  of  building  a grand  hotel 
somewhere  in  the  central  portion  of  the  city  to  accommodate  the 
comers,  is  talked  of  by  resident  capitalists,  and  a railroad  company 
organized  with  $1,500,000  capital  to  connect  the  Capital  City  of 
New  Mexico  with  one  of  the  lines  that  terminate  near  the  border  of 
New  Mexico,  as  constructed  by  the  Denver  & Rio  Grande  Railway, 
the  Atchinson,  Topeka  & Santa  Fe  Railroad,  and  the  Kansas  Pacific 
Railway.  The  distance  from  the  terminus  of  the  Railroad  at  El 
Moro  to  Santa  Fe  is  520  miles,  and  is  supplied  with  stage  transporta- 
tion by  the  Southern  Overland  Mail  and  Express,  Barlow  & Sander- 
son, proprietors,  who  have  arranged  to  transport  passengers  in  their 
coaches  in  thirty-six  hours  from  El  Moro,  Colorado,  to  Santa  Fe. 

64 

GENERAL  COMMITTEE  OF  ARRANGEMENTS  FOR  THE 
CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION  IN  SANTA  FE, 
JULY  4TH,  1876. 


At  a mass  meeting  of  citizens  of  Santa  Fe,  held  in  Legislative 
Hall  on  the  night  of  May  23,  1876,  Ex-Governor  Arny  called  the 
meeting  to  order  and  General  J.  K.  Proudfit  was  elected  President, 
Wm.  C.  Hazledine  and  Captain  Jesus  M.  Sena  y Baca  Secretary  and 
assistant  Secretary. 

Upon  motion  Gen.  Smith  and  Gov.  Arny  were  elected  vice-pres- 
idents. 

The  following  resolution  was  presented  by  Governor  Arny : 

Resolved , That  a Committee  of  General  Arrangements  be  ap- 
pointed, number  equal  to  the  states  of  the  Union  with  our  sister  Colorado 
thrown  in,  which  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted*  and  the  fol- 
lowing thirty-eight  gentlemen  were  selected  as  such  committee : 

Gov.  W.  F.  M.  Arny,  Chairman. 

Jose  D.  Sena,  J.  K.  Proudfit,  Nicolas  Pino,  A.  G.  Irvine, 
Felipe  B.  Delgado,  E.  Andrews,  Trinidad  Alarid,  Willi  Spiegelberg, 
Jesus  M.  Sena  y Baca,  William  C.  Hazledine,  Ambrosio  Ortiz,  Sig- 
mund Seligman,  Antonio  Ortiz  y Salazar,  James  L.  Johnson,  Rafael 
Lopez,  Z.  St-aab,  John  Ritter,  Noa  Ilfeld,  Solomon  Spiegelberg,  Gas- 
par  Ortiz,  A.  Z.  Huggins,  W.  D.  Dawson,  Anastacio  Sandoval,  Chas. 
H.  Gildersleeve,  John  Watts,  Clemente  P.  Ortiz,  H.  M.  Atkinson, 
Lewis  Kingman,  R.  H.  Longwill,  T.  S.  Tucker,  S.  H.  Lucas, 
Epifanio  Vigil,  C.  M.  Conklin,  Joseph  Spitznagle,  William  Bolander, 
J.  M.  Gough  and  George  W.  Howland. 

On  motion  of  John  Ritter,  W.  D.  Dawson,  representative  of  the 
New  Mexican , was  requested  to  report  the  proceedings  of  the  meet- 
ing, an  (I  the  New  Mexican  was  requested  to  publish  the  proceedings 
in  English  and  Spanish. 

JAS.  K.  PROUDFIT,  President. 
G.  A.  SMITH,  W.  F.  M.  ARNY,  Vice-Presidents. 

W.  C.  Hazledine,  J.  M.  Sena  y Baca,  Secretaries. 


